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Anatomy and Physiology > Spinal Cord, Nerves, and Reflexes > Flashcards

Spinal Cord, Nerves, and Reflexes Flashcards

1
Q

State the function of the spinal cord

A

conduction
neural integration
locomotion
reflexes

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2
Q

location, segments, spinal nerves that exit from it, and regions of

Conus medullaris

A

cord tapers to a point inferior to lumbosacral enlargement

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3
Q

location, segments, spinal nerves that exit from it, and regions of

Cauda Equina

A

bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5

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4
Q

the three parts of the meninges

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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5
Q

Explain the location and function

Dura Mater

A

location: the large venous channels (dural sinuses) arachnoid

function: carrying blood from the brain toward the heart.

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6
Q

Explain the location and function

Arachnoid Mater

A

location: connect the dura mater to the pia mater

function: plays an important protective role by acting as a shock absorber.

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7
Q

Explain the location and function

Pia mater

A

location: innermost layer between arachnoid meter and brain

supply your brain tissue with blood. It also helps contain cerebrospinal fluid

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8
Q

neuron cell bodies with little myelin

A

grey matter

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9
Q

Site of information processing, synaptic integration

A

gray matter

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10
Q

abundantly myelinated axons

A

white matter

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11
Q

Carry signals from one part of the CNS to another

A

white matter

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12
Q

carry motor information down

A

descending spinal tracts

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13
Q

carry sensory information up

A

ascending spinal tracts

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14
Q

types of neurons in ascending tracts

A

First-order neurons
Second-order neurons
Third-order neurons

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15
Q

detect stimulus and transmit signal to spinal cord or brainstem

A

First-order neurons

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16
Q

continues to the thalamus at the upper end of the brainstem

A

Second-order neurons

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17
Q

carries the signal the rest of the way to the sensory region of the cerebral cortex

A

Third-order neurons

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18
Q

what does Ascending tracts do

A

carry sensory signals up the spinal cord

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19
Q

name the ascending spinal tracts

A

-Anterior spinothalamic tract
-Lateral spinothalamic tract
-Spinoreticular tract
-Spinocerebellar tract

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20
Q

type of sensation that is carried by spinothalamic tract

A

carries signals for pain, pressure, temperature, light touch, tickle, and itch

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21
Q

the first, second, and third order neuron, where it crosses and synapses for

spinothalamic tract

A
  • First-order neurons end in posterior horn
    of spinal cord
  • Second-order neurons start in posterior
    horn, then decussate and form the
    spinothalamic tract
  • Third-order neurons continue from there
    to cerebral cortex
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22
Q

state the type of sensation that is carried from the Spinoreticular tract

A

Carries pain signals resulting from tissue injury

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23
Q

the first, second, and third order neuron, where it crosses and synapses for Spinoreticular tract

A
  • First-order neurons enter posterior horn and immediately synapse with second-
    order neurons
  • Second-order neurons decussate to opposite anterolateral system; ascend the cord and end in reticular formation: loosely organized core of gray matter in the medulla and pons
  • Third-order neurons continue from the pons to the thalamus
  • Fourth-order neurons complete the path to the cerebral cortex
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24
Q

state the type of sensation that is carried from the Spinocerebellar tract

A

Carry proprioceptive signals from limbs and trunk up to the cerebellum

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25
Q

the first, second, and third order neuron, where it crosses and synapses for
Spinocerebellar Tracts

A
  • First-order neurons originate in the muscles and tendons and end in posterior horn
    of the spinal cord
  • Second-order nerves ascend spinocerebellar tracts and end in cerebellum providing it with feedback needed to coordinate movements
  • Posterior spinocerebellar tract stays ipsilateral
  • Anterior spinocerebellar tracts cross over and travel up contralateral side, but cross
    back to end in ipsilateral cerebellum
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26
Q

what does Descending tracts do?

A

carry motor signals down brainstem and spinal cord

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27
Q

what neurons does the descending spinal tracts use

A

upper motor neuron
lower motor neuron

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28
Q

originates in cerebral cortex or brainstem and terminates on a lower motor neuron.

A

upper motor neuron

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29
Q

neurosoma is in brainstem or spinal cord. Axon leads to muscle or other target organ.

A

Lower motor neuron

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30
Q

name the descending spinal tracts

A

Corticospinal tract: Anterior and Lateral
Reticulospinal tract
Tectospinal tract
Corticobulbar tract
Vestibulospinal tract

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31
Q

what does the Corticospinal tract do?

A

carry signals from cerebral cortex for precise, finely coordinated
movements

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32
Q

where does the upper motor neuron cross for corticospinal tracts

A

at the pyramids (ridges on anterior surface of medulla oblongata formed from fibers of this system)

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33
Q

state the upper, and lower motor neuron, where it crosses and synapses for Lateral corticospinal tract

A

UMN (from the primary motor cortex) crosses: over at the pyramids of the medulla oblongata

UMN Synapses: lower motor neuron of anterior gray horn of spinal cord

LMN synapses: with the skeletal muscle

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34
Q

state the upper, and lower motor neuron, where it crosses and synapses for Anterior corticospinal tract

A

UMN (from the primary motor cortex) crosses: over at the spinal cord

UMN Synapses: lower motor neuron of anterior gray horn of spinal cord

LMN synapses: with the skeletal muscle

35
Q

state the type of sensation that is carried, for the Reticulospinal tract (lateral and medial)

A
  • Control muscles of upper and lower limbs, especially those for posture and balance;
  • Contain descending analgesic pathways; reduce the transmission of pain signals to brain.
36
Q

state the upper, and lower motor neuron, where it crosses and synapses for Reticulospinal tract (lateral and medial)

A

UMN (from the reticular formation of brainstem) DOES NOT crosses

UMN (from the reticular formation of brainstem) Synapses: with lower motor neuron of anterior gray horns of spinal cord.

37
Q

state the type of sensation that is carried through the Tectospinal tract

A

Reflex turning of head in response to sights and sounds

38
Q

state the upper, and lower motor neuron, where it crosses and synapses for Tectospinal tract

A

UMN (from midbrain) crosses: from the primary motor cortex over at the spinal cord

UMN Synapses: to contralateral side of midbrain at brainstem to lower motor neuron of cervical spinal cord

39
Q

state the upper, and lower motor neuron, where it crosses and synapses for Corticobulbar tract

A

UMN (from the primary motor cortex) crosses: over at the lower motor neuron of cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem

UMN Synapses: at the lower motor neuron of cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem

LMN synapses: with the skeletal muscle

40
Q

state the type of sensation that is carried, through the Vestibulospinal tract
(lateral and medial)

A

Receive impulses for balance from inner ear; control extensor muscles of limbs for balance control.

41
Q

state the upper, and lower motor neuron, where it crosses and synapses for Vestibulospinal tract
(lateral and medial)

A

UMN (from brainstem vestibular nuclei) DOES NOT crosses

UMN (from brainstem vestibular nuclei) Synapses: with lower motor neuron of anterior gray horns of spinal cord.

42
Q

the thin sheath around a nerve axon

A

Neurilemma

43
Q

loose connective tissue external to neurilemma

A

Endoneurium

44
Q

layers of overlapping squamous cells that wrap fascicles: bundles of nerve fibers

A

Perineurium

45
Q

dense irregular connective tissue that wraps entire nerve

A

Epineurium

46
Q

cluster of neurosomas outside the CNS

A

Ganglion

47
Q

is the sensory input to spinal cord.

A

Dorsal root

48
Q

is motor output out of spinal cord

A

Ventral root

49
Q

what are the divisions of the 31 pairs of spinal nerves

A
  • 8 cervical (C1–C8):
  • 12 thoracic (T1–T12)
  • 5 lumbar (L1–L5)
  • 5 sacral (S1–S5)
  • 1 coccygeal (Co1)
50
Q

innervates the anterior and lateral skin and
muscles of the trunk. Gives rise to nerves of the limbs.

A

Ramus (anterior)

51
Q

innervates the muscles and joints in that region of the spine and the skin of the back.

A

Ramus (posterior)

52
Q

Types of nerve fibers

A

-Afferent fibers
-Efferent fibers
-Somatic fibers
-Visceral fibers
-General fibers:
-Special fibers:

53
Q

Carry signals from sensory receptors to the CNS

A

Afferent fibers or Sensory fibers

54
Q

Carry signals from CNS to muscles and glands

A

Efferent fibers or Motor fibers

55
Q

convey impulses for exteroreceptors of the skin

A

Somatic fibers

56
Q

innervate blood vessels and internal organs

A

Visceral fibers

57
Q

Function of Cervical plexus

A

supplies neck and phrenic nerve to the diaphragm

(in the neck C1 to C5)

58
Q

Function of Brachial plexus

A

supplies upper limb and some of shoulder and neck

(near the shoulder C5 -T1)

59
Q

Function of Lumbar plexus

A

supplies abdominal wall, anterior thigh, and genitalia

(lower back L1- L4)

60
Q

Function of Sacral plexus

A

supplies remainder of lower trunk and lower limb

(pelvis, L4, L5, and S1 to S4)

61
Q

Function of Coccygeal plexus

A

supplies the sacrotuberous ligament as well as the skin over the tailbone.

(S4, S5, and Co1)

62
Q

a specific area of skin that conveys sensory input to a spinal nerve

A

dermatome

63
Q

a diagram of the cutaneous regions innervated by each spinal nerve

A

dermatome map

64
Q

quick, involuntary, stereotyped reactions of glands or muscle to
stimulation

A

reflex

65
Q

pathway of a reflex arc

A
  • Somatic receptors: in skin, muscles, or tendons.
  • Afferent nerve fibers: carry information from receptors to posterior horn of spinal cord or to the brainstem.
  • Integrating center: a point of synaptic contact between neurons in gray matter of cord or brainstem. Determines whether efferent neurons issue signal to muscles.
  • Efferent nerve fibers: carry motor impulses to muscles
  • Effectors: the muscles that carry out the response
66
Q

stretch receptors embedded in skeletal muscles

A

muscle spindle

67
Q

classifications of a reflex

A
  • Development- (based on the time it develop)
  • Response
  • Complexity of circuit
  • Processing site- (based on where it is processed)
68
Q

reflexes you are born with

A

innate reflexes

69
Q

learned reflexes

A

acquired reflexes

70
Q

one synapse

A

monosynaptic reflexes

71
Q

multiple synapses

A

polysynaptic

72
Q

processing in the spinal cord

A

spinal reflexes

73
Q

processing in the brain

A

cranial reflexes

74
Q

types of monosynaptic reflexes

A

stretch reflex

75
Q

when a muscle is stretched, it “fights back” and contracts

A

Stretch (myotatic) reflex

76
Q

type of stretch reflex

A

Knee-jerk (patellar) reflex

77
Q

Testing somatic reflexes helps diagnose many diseases

A

Knee-jerk (patellar) reflex

78
Q

have interneuron

pathway in which signals travel over many synapses on their way to the muscle

A

polysynaptic reflexes

79
Q

types of polysynaptic reflexes

A
  • Flexor (Withdrawal) reflex
  • Crossed extensor reflex
80
Q

when a muscle is stretched, it “fights back” and contracts

Helps maintain equilibrium and posture

A

Stretch reflex

81
Q

the quick contraction of flexor muscles resulting in the withdrawal of a limb from an injurious stimulus

Triggers contraction of the flexors and relaxation of the extensors in that limb

A

Withdrawal reflex (the flexor reflex)

82
Q

contraction of extensor muscles in limb opposite of the one that is withdrawn. Maintains balance by extending other leg.

A

Crossed extensor reflex

83
Q

in response to excessive tension on the tendon. Inhibits muscle from contracting strongly Moderates muscle contraction before it tears a tendon or pulls it loose from the muscle or bone
A Tendon Organ

A

tendon reflex

Anatomy and Physiology (22 decks)

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