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Anatomy and Physiology > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the integumentary system made up of

A

cutaneous membrane
accessory organ

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2
Q

is the body’s largest and heaviest organ

A

skin

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3
Q

Scientific study and medical treatment of integumentary system

A

dermatology

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4
Q

covers palms of hands, soles of feet

A

thick skin

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5
Q

Epidermis is about 0.5 mm thick with sweat glands present, but no hair follicles or sebaceous (oil) glands

A

thick skin

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6
Q

covers rest of the body.

A

thin skins

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7
Q

skin functions

A
  • Resistance to trauma and infection
  • Functions against a barrier to water,
    UV radiation, and harmful chemicals.
  • Vitamin D synthesis
  • Sensation
  • Thermoregulation
  • Nonverbal communication
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8
Q

is made up of Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. It is Avascular (lacks blood vessels) and depends on the diffusion of nutrients from the underlying connective tissue layer, the dermis. It contains sparse nerve endings for touch and pain.

A

epidermis

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9
Q

Five epidermal cell types

A

stem cells
keratinocytes
melanocytes
tacile cells
dendritic cells

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10
Q

Undifferentiated cells that give rise to
keratinocytes. Found in the deepest layer of epidermis

A

stem cells

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11
Q

Makes up the great majority of epidermal cells.

A

keratinocytes

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12
Q

Synthesize pigment melanin that shields DNA from ultraviolet radiation.

A

melanocytes

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13
Q

Touch receptor cells associated with dermal nerve fibers

A

tactile cells

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14
Q

Macrophages originating in bone marrow that guard against pathogens

A

Dendritic cells

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15
Q

Layers of the Epidermis bottom to top

A

Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum

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16
Q

this is the most superficial layer

A

Stratum corneum

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17
Q

Thin, pale layer found only in thick skin. Keratinocytes packed with clear protein eleidin.

A

Stratum lucidum

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18
Q

Three to five layers of flat keratinocytes with cells that contain dark-staining keratohyalin granules-Promotes cellular dehydration and cross-linking of keratin fibers.

A

Stratum granulosum

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19
Q

his is the deepest epidermal layer that is attached to the basement membrane. It is a single layer made up of stem cells and keratinocytes. This layer also contains a few melanocytes and tactile cells

A

Stratum basale

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20
Q

Made up of several layers of keratinocytes joined by desmosomes and tight junctions. Dendritic cells are also found in this layer.

A

Stratum spinosum

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21
Q

Three to five layers of flat keratinocytes with cells that contain dark-staining keratohyalin granules-Promotes cellular dehydration and cross-linking of keratin fibers.

A

Stratum granulosum

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22
Q

produced by mitosis in stratum basale or deepest part of stratum spinosum because mitosis requires abundant oxygen and nutrients and depends on the connective tissue layer beneath.

A

keratinocytes

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23
Q

what does the dermis house

A

supplied with blood vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and nerve endings, hair follicles, and nail roots.

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24
Q

Wavy, conspicuous boundary between dermis and epidermis which is made up of what?

A

Epidermal ridges and Dermal papillae

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25
Q

what are the two layers of the dermis

A

papillary layer
and
reticular layer

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26
Q

touch receptor

A

tactile corpuscle

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27
Q

pressure receptor

A

lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles

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28
Q

Common site of drug injection due to many blood vessels

A

hypodermis

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29
Q

Refers to subcutaneous tissue that is comprised predominantly of adipose tissue

A

Subcutaneous fat

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30
Q

Most significant factor in skin color. Produced by melanocytes,
accumulates in keratinocytes.

A

melanin

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31
Q

what are the two types of pigment

A

eumelanin and pheomelanin

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32
Q

brownish black

A

eumelanin

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33
Q

reddish yellow

A

pheomelanin

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34
Q

Melanocytes produce greater quantities of melanin which breaks down more slowly. Melanin granules more spread out in keratinocytes with melanized cells seen throughout the epidermis.

A

darker skin

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35
Q

Melanin clumped near keratinocyte
nucleus with little melanin seen beyond stratum basale

A

lighter skin

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36
Q

Pigment in red blood cells, adds reddish to pinkish hue to skin.

A

hemoglobin

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37
Q

Yellow pigment acquired from egg yolks and yellow/orange vegetables. Concentrates in stratum corneum and subcutaneous fat.

A

carotene

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38
Q

blueness due to oxygen deficiency.

A

cyanosis

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39
Q

redness due to increased blood flow to skin.

A

erythema

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40
Q

paleness due to decreased blood flow to skin.

A

pallor

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41
Q

white skin due to genetic lack of melanin.

A

albinism

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42
Q

yellowing due to bilirubin in blood. It can be caused by compromised liver function.

A

jaundice

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43
Q

bruising. Discoloration due to clotted blood under skin

A

hematoma

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44
Q

Markings on the fingertips that allow for manipulation of small objects and leave oily fingerprints. Everyone has a unique pattern formed during fetal development that remains unchanged throughout life. Not even identical twins have identical fingerprints.

A

friction ridges

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45
Q

Lines on the flexor surfaces of the digits, palms, wrists, elbows. Mark sites where skin folds during flexion of joints. Skin bound to deeper tissues along these lines.

A

flexion lines

46
Q

Produced by parallel bundles of collagen and elastic fibers in
the dermis

A

tension (cleavage) lines

47
Q

flat, melanized patches

A

freckles

48
Q

elevated, melanized patches often with hair and should be watched for changes in color, diameter, or contour that may suggest cancer.

A

moles

49
Q

Patches of discolored skin caused by benign tumors of dermal capillaries

A

Hemangiomas (birthmarks)

50
Q

accessory organs (appendages) of the skin.

A

hairs, nails, and cutaneous glands

51
Q

are composed of mostly dead, keratinized cells

A

hair and nails

52
Q

Slender filament of keratinized cells growing from a tube in the skin called a hair follicle.

A

pilus

53
Q

Hair does not cover what parts of the body

A

palms
soles
palmar
plantar
lateral surfaces
distal segments of fingers and toes
lips
nipples
parts of genitals.

54
Q

what are the functions of the hair

A

alert us
keeps warm
retains heat
signify sexual maturity
guard
nonverbal communication

55
Q

three types of hair

A

Lanugo
Vellus
Terminal

56
Q

Fine, downy, unpigmented hair that appears on the fetus in the last 3 months of development.

A

Lanugo

57
Q

Fine, pale hair that replaces lanugo by time of birth. Makes up about two- thirds of the hair of women and one-tenth of the hair of men. All of hair of children except eyebrows, eyelashes, and scalp hair.

A

Vellus

58
Q

Longer, coarser, and more heavily pigmented. Forms the eyebrows, eyelashes, and the hair of the scalp. After puberty, forms the axillary and pubic hair. Male facial hair and some of the hair on the trunk and limbs

A

Terminal

59
Q

what are the three hair structures

A

bulb
root
shaft

60
Q

where are the only living hair cells located

A

the bulb

61
Q

Swelling at the base where hair originates in dermis or hypodermis.

A

bulb

62
Q

Remainder of the hair in the follicle.

A

root

63
Q

Portion of hair above the skin surface.

A

shaft

64
Q

Bud of vascular connective tissue encased by bulb

A

dermal papilla

65
Q

Region of mitotically active cells immediately above papilla

A

hair matrix

66
Q

Hair’s growth center

A

hair matrix

67
Q

Three layers of the hair in cross section

A

medulla
cortex
cuticle

68
Q

Constitutes bulk of the hair and consists of several layers of elongated keratinized cells.

A

cortex

68
Q

Core of loosely arranged cells and air spaces.

A

medulla

69
Q

Composed of multiple layers of very thin, scaly cells that overlap each other with the free edges directed upward.

A

cuticle

70
Q

two principal layers of a follicle

A

Epithelial root sheath

and

Connective tissue root sheath

71
Q

Sensory nerve fibers entwining follicles

A

hair receptors

72
Q

Smooth muscle attaching follicle to dermis. Contract to make hair stand on end

A

Piloerector muscle (arrector pili)

73
Q

related to cross-sectional shape of hair

A

texture

74
Q

what are the types of hair texture

A

straight hair
wavy hair
curly hair

75
Q

due to pigment granules in the cells of the cortex

A

color

76
Q

what are the three stages of the hair cycle

A

anagen
catagen
telogen

77
Q

Thinning of the hair or baldness

A

alopecia

78
Q

Hair lost from select regions. Baldness allele is dominant in males and expressed when testosterone levels are high. Testosterone causes terminal hair on top of scalp to be replaced by vellus hair

A

pattern baldness

79
Q

Excessive or undesirable hairiness in areas that are not usually hairy due to increased androgens.

A

hirsutism

80
Q

are clear, hard derivatives of stratum corneum composed of thin, dead cells packed with hard keratin

A

nails

81
Q

what are the nail functions

A

protects
improved grooming
provide counterforce

82
Q

Hard part of the nail.

A

nail plate

83
Q

what are the parts of the nail plate

A

free edge
nail body
nail root

84
Q

Surrounding skin rising above nail

A

nail fold

85
Q

Separates nail fold from nail plate

A

nail groove

86
Q

Skin underlying the nail plate

A

nail bed

87
Q

Growth zone (mitotic) of thickened
stratum basale at proximal end of nail

A

nail matrix

88
Q

Epidermis of the nail bed.

A

hyponychium

89
Q

Opaque white crescent at proximal end of nail due to thickness of matrix.

A

lunule

90
Q

Narrow zone of dead skin overhanging proximal end of nail.

A

Eponychium (cuticle)

91
Q

what are the two types of sweat glands

A

apocrine
eccrine (merocrine)

92
Q

The glands empty their products into ducts that lead to nearby hair follicles. Produce sweat that is milky and contains fatty acids.

A

Apocrine Sweat Glands

93
Q

contract in response to stimulation by sympathetic nervous system and squeeze perspiration up the duct of eccrine and apocrine glands.

A

eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands

94
Q

Flask-shaped glands with short ducts that open into hair follicles. Holocrine secretion style.

A

Sebaceous glands

95
Q

Oily secretion of sebaceous glands that keeps skin and hair from becoming dry, brittle, and cracked.

A

sebum

96
Q

Coiled, simple tubular glands in external ear canal. Modified apocrine glands

A

Ceruminous glands

97
Q

Yellow, waxy secretion combined with sebum and dead epithelial cells

A

Cerumen (earwax)

98
Q

Modified apocrine sweat glands that develop only during pregnancy and lactation. Produce milk, nutrient rich secretion through ducts opening at nipple.

A

mammary glands

99
Q

One of the most common, easily treated cancer with high survival rates if detected and treated early.

A

skin cancer

100
Q

Three types of skin cancer named for the epidermal cells in which they originate:

A
  • Basal cell carcinoma
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
  • Malignant melanoma
101
Q

Forms from cells in stratum basale. Most common type and least dangerous because it seldom metastasizes.

A

Basal cell carcinoma

102
Q

Arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum. Tends to metastasize to lymph nodes and may become lethal.

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

103
Q

Arises from melanocytes. Makes up less than 5% of skin cancers.

A

Malignant melanoma

104
Q

the leading cause of accidental death.

A

burns

105
Q

Only involves the epidermis. Presents as redness, slight edema, and pain. Usually heals within days.

A

First-degree burn:

106
Q

Involves part of the dermis. May appear red, tan, or white; blistered and painful. Two weeks to several months to heal and may leave scars.

A

Second-degree burn

106
Q

Involves all of dermis and often some deeper tissues. Often requires skin grafts.

A

Third-degree burn

107
Q

Repair of Injury to the Integument

A

Inflammation phase
Migration phase
Proliferation phase
Scarring phase

107
Q

The effects of aging on the skin.

A
  • Epidermis thins
  • Number of dendritic cells decreases
  • Vitamin production declines
  • Melanocyte and glandular activities
    decline
  • Blood supply to dermis is reduced
  • Function of hair follicles declines
  • Dermis thins and elastic fiber network
    shrinks
  • Sex-specific hair and body fat
    distribution fades
  • Repair rate slows

Anatomy and Physiology (22 decks)

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