Integumentary System

Question 1

what is the integumentary system made up of

Answer 1

cutaneous membrane
accessory organ

Question 2

is the body’s largest and heaviest organ

Answer 2

skin

Question 3

Scientific study and medical treatment of integumentary system

Answer 3

dermatology

Question 4

covers palms of hands, soles of feet

Answer 4

thick skin

Question 5

Epidermis is about 0.5 mm thick with sweat glands present, but no hair follicles or sebaceous (oil) glands

Answer 5

thick skin

Question 6

covers rest of the body.

Answer 6

thin skins

Question 7

skin functions

Answer 7

• Resistance to trauma and infection
• Functions against a barrier to water,
  UV radiation, and harmful chemicals.
• Vitamin D synthesis
• Sensation
• Thermoregulation
• Nonverbal communication

Question 8

is made up of Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. It is Avascular (lacks blood vessels) and depends on the diffusion of nutrients from the underlying connective tissue layer, the dermis. It contains sparse nerve endings for touch and pain.

Answer 8

epidermis

Question 9

Five epidermal cell types

Answer 9

stem cells
keratinocytes
melanocytes
tacile cells
dendritic cells

Question 10

Undifferentiated cells that give rise to
keratinocytes. Found in the deepest layer of epidermis

Answer 10

stem cells

Question 11

Makes up the great majority of epidermal cells.

Answer 11

keratinocytes

Question 12

Synthesize pigment melanin that shields DNA from ultraviolet radiation.

Answer 12

melanocytes

Question 13

Touch receptor cells associated with dermal nerve fibers

Answer 13

tactile cells

Question 14

Macrophages originating in bone marrow that guard against pathogens

Answer 14

Dendritic cells

Question 15

Layers of the Epidermis bottom to top

Answer 15

Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum

Question 16

this is the most superficial layer

Answer 16

Stratum corneum

Question 17

Thin, pale layer found only in thick skin. Keratinocytes packed with clear protein eleidin.

Answer 17

Stratum lucidum

Question 18

Three to five layers of flat keratinocytes with cells that contain dark-staining keratohyalin granules-Promotes cellular dehydration and cross-linking of keratin fibers.

Answer 18

Stratum granulosum

Question 19

his is the deepest epidermal layer that is attached to the basement membrane. It is a single layer made up of stem cells and keratinocytes. This layer also contains a few melanocytes and tactile cells

Answer 19

Stratum basale

Question 20

Made up of several layers of keratinocytes joined by desmosomes and tight junctions. Dendritic cells are also found in this layer.

Answer 20

Stratum spinosum

Question 21

Three to five layers of flat keratinocytes with cells that contain dark-staining keratohyalin granules-Promotes cellular dehydration and cross-linking of keratin fibers.

Answer 21

Stratum granulosum

Question 22

produced by mitosis in stratum basale or deepest part of stratum spinosum because mitosis requires abundant oxygen and nutrients and depends on the connective tissue layer beneath.

Answer 22

keratinocytes

Question 23

what does the dermis house

Answer 23

supplied with blood vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and nerve endings, hair follicles, and nail roots.

Question 24

Wavy, conspicuous boundary between dermis and epidermis which is made up of what?

Answer 24

Epidermal ridges and Dermal papillae

Question 25

what are the two layers of the dermis

Answer 25

papillary layer and reticular layer

Question 26

touch receptor

Answer 26

tactile corpuscle

Question 27

pressure receptor

Answer 27

lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles

Question 28

Common site of drug injection due to many blood vessels

Answer 28

hypodermis

Question 29

Refers to subcutaneous tissue that is comprised predominantly of adipose tissue

Answer 29

Subcutaneous fat

Question 30

Most significant factor in skin color. Produced by melanocytes, accumulates in keratinocytes.

Answer 30

melanin

Question 31

what are the two types of pigment

Answer 31

eumelanin and pheomelanin

Question 32

brownish black

Answer 32

eumelanin

Question 33

reddish yellow

Answer 33

pheomelanin

Question 34

Melanocytes produce greater quantities of melanin which breaks down more slowly. Melanin granules more spread out in keratinocytes with melanized cells seen throughout the epidermis.

Answer 34

darker skin

Question 35

Melanin clumped near keratinocyte nucleus with little melanin seen beyond stratum basale

Answer 35

lighter skin

Question 36

Pigment in red blood cells, adds reddish to pinkish hue to skin.

Answer 36

hemoglobin

Question 37

Yellow pigment acquired from egg yolks and yellow/orange vegetables. Concentrates in stratum corneum and subcutaneous fat.

Answer 37

carotene

Question 38

blueness due to oxygen deficiency.

Answer 38

cyanosis

Question 39

redness due to increased blood flow to skin.

Answer 39

erythema

Question 40

paleness due to decreased blood flow to skin.

Answer 40

pallor

Question 41

white skin due to genetic lack of melanin.

Answer 41

albinism

Question 42

yellowing due to bilirubin in blood. It can be caused by compromised liver function.

Answer 42

jaundice

Question 43

bruising. Discoloration due to clotted blood under skin

Answer 43

hematoma

Question 44

Markings on the fingertips that allow for manipulation of small objects and leave oily fingerprints. Everyone has a unique pattern formed during fetal development that remains unchanged throughout life. Not even identical twins have identical fingerprints.

Answer 44

friction ridges

Question 45

Lines on the flexor surfaces of the digits, palms, wrists, elbows. Mark sites where skin folds during flexion of joints. Skin bound to deeper tissues along these lines.

Answer 45

flexion lines

Question 46

Produced by parallel bundles of collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis

Answer 46

tension (cleavage) lines

Question 47

flat, melanized patches

Answer 47

freckles

Question 48

elevated, melanized patches often with hair and should be watched for changes in color, diameter, or contour that may suggest cancer.

Answer 48

moles

Question 49

Patches of discolored skin caused by benign tumors of dermal capillaries

Answer 49

Hemangiomas (birthmarks)

Question 50

accessory organs (appendages) of the skin.

Answer 50

hairs, nails, and cutaneous glands

Question 51

are composed of mostly dead, keratinized cells

Answer 51

hair and nails

Question 52

Slender filament of keratinized cells growing from a tube in the skin called a hair follicle.

Answer 52

pilus

Question 53

Hair does not cover what parts of the body

Answer 53

palms soles palmar plantar lateral surfaces distal segments of fingers and toes lips nipples parts of genitals.

Question 54

what are the functions of the hair

Answer 54

alert us keeps warm retains heat signify sexual maturity guard nonverbal communication

Question 55

three types of hair

Answer 55

Lanugo Vellus Terminal

Question 56

Fine, downy, unpigmented hair that appears on the fetus in the last 3 months of development.

Answer 56

Lanugo

Question 57

Fine, pale hair that replaces lanugo by time of birth. Makes up about two- thirds of the hair of women and one-tenth of the hair of men. All of hair of children except eyebrows, eyelashes, and scalp hair.

Answer 57

Vellus

Question 58

Longer, coarser, and more heavily pigmented. Forms the eyebrows, eyelashes, and the hair of the scalp. After puberty, forms the axillary and pubic hair. Male facial hair and some of the hair on the trunk and limbs

Answer 58

Terminal

Question 59

what are the three hair structures

Answer 59

bulb root shaft

Question 60

where are the only living hair cells located

Answer 60

the bulb

Question 61

Swelling at the base where hair originates in dermis or hypodermis.

Answer 61

bulb

Question 62

Remainder of the hair in the follicle.

Answer 62

root

Question 63

Portion of hair above the skin surface.

Answer 63

shaft

Question 64

Bud of vascular connective tissue encased by bulb

Answer 64

dermal papilla

Question 65

Region of mitotically active cells immediately above papilla

Answer 65

hair matrix

Question 66

Hair’s growth center

Answer 66

hair matrix

Question 67

Three layers of the hair in cross section

Answer 67

medulla cortex cuticle

Question 68

Constitutes bulk of the hair and consists of several layers of elongated keratinized cells.

Answer 68

cortex

Question 68

Core of loosely arranged cells and air spaces.

Answer 68

medulla

Question 69

Composed of multiple layers of very thin, scaly cells that overlap each other with the free edges directed upward.

Answer 69

cuticle

Question 70

two principal layers of a follicle

Answer 70

Epithelial root sheath and Connective tissue root sheath

Question 71

Sensory nerve fibers entwining follicles

Answer 71

hair receptors

Question 72

Smooth muscle attaching follicle to dermis. Contract to make hair stand on end

Answer 72

Piloerector muscle (arrector pili)

Question 73

related to cross-sectional shape of hair

Answer 73

texture

Question 74

what are the types of hair texture

Answer 74

straight hair wavy hair curly hair

Question 75

due to pigment granules in the cells of the cortex

Answer 75

color

Question 76

what are the three stages of the hair cycle

Answer 76

anagen catagen telogen

Question 77

Thinning of the hair or baldness

Answer 77

alopecia

Question 78

Hair lost from select regions. Baldness allele is dominant in males and expressed when testosterone levels are high. Testosterone causes terminal hair on top of scalp to be replaced by vellus hair

Answer 78

pattern baldness

Question 79

Excessive or undesirable hairiness in areas that are not usually hairy due to increased androgens.

Answer 79

hirsutism

Question 80

are clear, hard derivatives of stratum corneum composed of thin, dead cells packed with hard keratin

Answer 80

nails

Question 81

what are the nail functions

Answer 81

protects improved grooming provide counterforce

Question 82

Hard part of the nail.

Answer 82

nail plate

Question 83

what are the parts of the nail plate

Answer 83

free edge nail body nail root

Question 84

Surrounding skin rising above nail

Answer 84

nail fold

Question 85

Separates nail fold from nail plate

Answer 85

nail groove

Question 86

Skin underlying the nail plate

Answer 86

nail bed

Question 87

Growth zone (mitotic) of thickened stratum basale at proximal end of nail

Answer 87

nail matrix

Question 88

Epidermis of the nail bed.

Answer 88

hyponychium

Question 89

Opaque white crescent at proximal end of nail due to thickness of matrix.

Answer 89

lunule

Question 90

Narrow zone of dead skin overhanging proximal end of nail.

Answer 90

Eponychium (cuticle)

Question 91

what are the two types of sweat glands

Answer 91

apocrine eccrine (merocrine)

Question 92

The glands empty their products into ducts that lead to nearby hair follicles. Produce sweat that is milky and contains fatty acids.

Answer 92

Apocrine Sweat Glands

Question 93

contract in response to stimulation by sympathetic nervous system and squeeze perspiration up the duct of eccrine and apocrine glands.

Answer 93

eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands

Question 94

Flask-shaped glands with short ducts that open into hair follicles. Holocrine secretion style.

Answer 94

Sebaceous glands

Question 95

Oily secretion of sebaceous glands that keeps skin and hair from becoming dry, brittle, and cracked.

Answer 95

sebum

Question 96

Coiled, simple tubular glands in external ear canal. Modified apocrine glands

Answer 96

Ceruminous glands

Question 97

Yellow, waxy secretion combined with sebum and dead epithelial cells

Answer 97

Cerumen (earwax)

Question 98

Modified apocrine sweat glands that develop only during pregnancy and lactation. Produce milk, nutrient rich secretion through ducts opening at nipple.

Answer 98

mammary glands

Question 99

One of the most common, easily treated cancer with high survival rates if detected and treated early.

Answer 99

skin cancer

Question 100

Three types of skin cancer named for the epidermal cells in which they originate:

Answer 100

- Basal cell carcinoma - Squamous cell carcinoma - Malignant melanoma

Question 101

Forms from cells in stratum basale. Most common type and least dangerous because it seldom metastasizes.

Answer 101

Basal cell carcinoma

Question 102

Arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum. Tends to metastasize to lymph nodes and may become lethal.

Answer 102

Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 103

Arises from melanocytes. Makes up less than 5% of skin cancers.

Answer 103

Malignant melanoma

Question 104

the leading cause of accidental death.

Answer 104

burns

Question 105

Only involves the epidermis. Presents as redness, slight edema, and pain. Usually heals within days.

Answer 105

First-degree burn:

Question 106

Involves part of the dermis. May appear red, tan, or white; blistered and painful. Two weeks to several months to heal and may leave scars.

Answer 106

Second-degree burn

Question 106

Involves all of dermis and often some deeper tissues. Often requires skin grafts.

Answer 106

Third-degree burn

Question 107

Repair of Injury to the Integument

Answer 107

Inflammation phase Migration phase Proliferation phase Scarring phase

Question 107

The effects of aging on the skin.

Answer 107

- Epidermis thins - Number of dendritic cells decreases - Vitamin production declines - Melanocyte and glandular activities decline - Blood supply to dermis is reduced - Function of hair follicles declines - Dermis thins and elastic fiber network shrinks - Sex-specific hair and body fat distribution fades - Repair rate slows