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Anatomy and Physiology > Neural Tissue > Flashcards

Neural Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

employs electrical and chemical means to send messages from cell to cell.

A

Nervous system

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2
Q

Nervous system carries out its task in three basic steps

A

receive information
processes this information
issues commands

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3
Q

what are the subdivisons of the nervous system

A

central nervous system
peripheral nervous system

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4
Q

what organs make up the central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain
spinal cord

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5
Q

what are the subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system

A

sensory divison
motor divison

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6
Q

what does the sensory division do?

A

carries signals from receptors to CNS

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7
Q

what are the subdivisions of the sensory division

A

Visceral sensory division
Somatic sensory division
Special senses

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8
Q

what does the Visceral sensory division do?

A

carries signals from the viscera (heart, lungs, stomach, and urinary bladder)

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9
Q

what does somatic sensory division do?

A

carries signals from receptors in the skin, muscles, bones, and joints

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10
Q

what are the special senses

A

smell
vision
hearing
taste
balance

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11
Q

what are the subdivisions of the motor division

A

Visceral motor division
Somatic motor division

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12
Q

what does motor division do

A

carries signals from CNS to effectors (glands and muscles that carry out the body’s response).

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13
Q

what does Somatic motor division do?

A

carries signals to skeletal muscles leading to muscular contraction and somatic reflexes (involuntary muscle contractions).

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14
Q

what does visceral motor division do?

A

carries signals to glands, cardiac and smooth muscle. Its involuntary responses are visceral reflexes.

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15
Q

what is another name for visceral motor division

A

autonomic nervous system

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16
Q

what are the subdivisions of the visceral motor division

A

Sympathetic division
Parasympathetic division

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17
Q

what is the responsibility of the Sympathetic division

A

is responsible for the fight or flight response. It tends to arouse the body for action. It increases the heart rate, heart contractility, respiratory rate, but inhibits digestive and urinary systems.

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18
Q

what is the responsibility of the Parasympathetic division

A

is responsible for the rest and digest response. It slows heart rate, breathing but stimulates digestive and urinary systems.

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19
Q

What makes up the Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

the entire nervous system except the brain and spinal cord
(nerves and ganglia)

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20
Q

a bundle of nerve fibers (axons) wrapped in fibrous connective tissue

A

Nerve

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21
Q

a knot-like swelling in a nerve where neuron cell bodies are concentrated

A

Ganglion

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22
Q

carries signals from receptors to CNS

A

Sensory (afferent) division

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23
Q

what are the two components of the autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system

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24
Q

what are the cells of the nervous tissue

A

neurons
neuroglia

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25
Q

cells used for communication by the nervous tissue

A

Neurons

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26
Q

Supporting cells of the nervous tissue

A

Neuroglia

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27
Q

what are the three classes of neurons

A

Sensory neurons
Interneurons
Motor neurons

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28
Q

Detect stimuli and transmit information about them toward the CNS

A

Sensory neurons

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29
Q

Receive signals from many neurons, integrates, processes and determines the appropriate response. Lie entirely within CNS connecting motor and sensory pathways (about 90% of all neurons).

A

Interneurons

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30
Q

Send signals out to muscles and gland cells (the effectors).

A

Motor (efferent) neurons

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31
Q

contains the nucleus and other structures common to living cells

A

soma

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32
Q

Multiple branches that come off the soma responsible for receiving signals from other neurons

A

Dendrites

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33
Q

the elongated portion of the neuron located in the center of the cell between the soma and terminals

A

axon

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34
Q

the region of a neuron that controls the initiation of an electrical impulse based on the inputs from other neurons or the environment

A

axon hillock

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35
Q

swellings that form contact points (synapses) with other cell, contains synaptic vesicles full of neurotransmitter

A

Axon terminals

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36
Q

what are the different structural classification of a neuron

A

Multipolar neuron
Bipolar neuron
Unipolar neuron
Anaxonic neuron

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37
Q

Multiple processes come out of the cell body usually one axon and multiple dendrites.

A

Multipolar neuron

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38
Q

examples of multipolar neurons

A

Most neurons in CNS.

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39
Q

Two processes come out of the cell body of the neuron usually one axon and one dendrite.

A

Bipolar neuron

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40
Q

examples of Bipolar neuron

A

Olfactory cells
retina
inner ear

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41
Q

Single process leading away from soma

A

Unipolar neuron

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42
Q

examples of Unipolar neuron

A

Sensory cells from skin and organs to spinal cord.

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43
Q

Many dendrites extend out of the cell body but no axon

A

Anaxonic neuron

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44
Q

examples of Anaxonic neuron

A

Retina
brain
adrenal gland

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45
Q

Many proteins and peptides made in the soma must be transported to the axon and terminal.

A

Axonal Transport

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46
Q

types of axonal transport

A

Anterograde transport
Retrograde transport

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47
Q

down the axon away from soma

A

Anterograde transport

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48
Q

up the axon toward the soma

A

Retrograde transport

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49
Q

what motor protein does anterograde transport use?

A

Kinesin

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50
Q

what motor protein does retrograde transport use?

A

Dynein

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51
Q

what are the neuroglia of the central nervous system (CNS)

A

Ependymal cells
Astrocytes
Microglia
Oligodendrocyte

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52
Q

Cuboidal epithelium with cilia on apical surface that line internal cavities of the brain. They secrete and circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

A

Ependymal cells

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53
Q

Most abundant glia in CNS. Star shaped cells that cover brain surface and most non synaptic regions of neurons.

A

Astrocytes

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54
Q

Macrophages that develop from white blood cells (monocytes) and become concentrated in areas of damage.

A

Microglia

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55
Q

Octopus like cells with arm-like processes that wrap around nerve fibers forming myelin sheaths in CNS that speed signal conduction.

A

Oligodendrocytes

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56
Q

what are the neuroglia of the peripheral nervous system

A

Schwann cells
Satellite cells

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57
Q

Wind around the axon and form myelin sheaths. Assist in regeneration of damaged fibers.

A

Schwann cells

58
Q

Surround the somas of PNS neurons inside ganglia. They provide electrical insulation and regulate the chemical environment.

A

Satellite cells

59
Q

Consists of the plasma membrane of glial cells, made up of 20% protein and 80% lipid.

A

myelin

60
Q

what are the function of myelin

A

Provides insulation around the axon and increases action potential conduction velocity.

61
Q

what is the myelin formed by in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

62
Q

what is the myelin formed by in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

63
Q

label this

A
64
Q

gaps between segments

A

Nodes of Ranvier

65
Q

myelin-covered segments

A

Internodes

66
Q

bare section of axon between the axon hillock and the first glial cell.

A

Initial segment

67
Q

axon hillock and initial segment which plays an important role in initiating a nerve signal.

A

Trigger zone

68
Q

what are the diseases of the Myelin Sheath

A

Multiple sclerosis
Tay sachs

69
Q

Deterioration of Oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths in CNS. Myelin replaced by hardened scar tissue which disrupts neve conduction. Cause may be autoimmune triggered by virus.

A

Multiple sclerosis

70
Q

what are the symptoms of Multiple sclerosis

A

double vision, tremors, numbness, speech defects.

71
Q

Hereditary disorder seen mainly in infants of Eastern European Jewish ancestry which is usually fatal before age 4. Abnormal accumulation of glycolipid called GM2 in the myelin sheath which disrupts conduction of nerve signals.

A

Tay–Sachs disease

72
Q

what are the symptoms of Tay–Sachs disease

A

blindness, loss of coordination, dementia

73
Q

what are the factors that can affect the speed of conduction

A

Diameter of the fiber
Presence of myelin

74
Q

how does the diameter affect conduction

A

Larger axons have more surface area and conduct signals more
rapidly.

75
Q

how does the Presence or absence of myelin Presence or absence of myelin

A

Myelin speeds signal conduction. Many neurons have unmyelinated axons and they have slower signal conduction compared to myelinated axons.

76
Q

how are PNS nerve fibers regenerated

A
  1. Axon distal to the injury degenerates and
    macrophages clean up tissue debris.
  2. Neurosoma swells, ER breaks up, and nucleus
    moves off center due to the loss of nerve
    growth factors from neuron’s target cell.
  3. Axon stump sprouts multiple growth processes
  4. Schwann cells, basal lamina, neurilemma form
    regeneration tube which guides regrowth to
    original destination
  5. Once contact is reestablished with original
    target, the neurosoma shrinks and returns to its
    original appearance, nucleus returns to normal
    shape and atrophied muscle fibers regrow.
77
Q

how are CNS nerve fibers regenerated

A

usually unable to regenerate.

78
Q

what is the resting membrane potential of neurons

A

-70 mV

79
Q

how is the resting membrane potential of neurons made

A

Caused by separation of charge (ions) across the cell membrane with the inside of membrane negative relative to outside

80
Q
  • Moves 3 Na+ out of the cell and brings 2 K+ into
    the cell using 1 ATP
  • Helps create and maintain the sodium and
    potassium ion concentration gradients across the
    membrane.
A

Na+/K+ pump

81
Q

At normal resting membrane potential, an electrical gradient opposes the chemical gradient for potassium ions (K+). The net electrochemical gradient tends to force potassium ions out of the cell.

A

Potassium Ion Gradients

82
Q

At the normal resting membrane potential, chemical and electrical gradients combine to drive sodium ions (Na+) into the cell.

A

Sodium Ion Gradients

83
Q

Change in membrane potential at and nearby point of stimulation may be a depolarization or a hyperpolarization.

A

Local potential

84
Q

Rapid up-and-down shift in membrane potential that can travel a long distance down an axon. Always a rapid depolarization followed by repolarization and hyperpolarization.

A

Action potential

85
Q

Two types of change in membrane potential:

A

Local potential
Action potential

86
Q

shift in the voltage across the membrane to a less negative value

A

Depolarization

87
Q

shift in the voltage across the membrane to a more negative value.

A

Hyperpolarization

88
Q

label this

A
89
Q

Period of resistance to stimulation during an action potential and for a few milliseconds after when it is difficult or impossible to initiate another action potential.

A

Refractory period

90
Q

what are the Refractory period two phases

A

relative refractory period
absolute refractory period.

91
Q

A stronger stimulus than usual is needed to trigger a new AP. During hyperpolarization, a larger depolarization (local potential) is required to reach threshold for another action potential to be triggered

A

relative refractory period

92
Q

No stimulus of any strength will trigger another action potential due to inactivation of voltage-gated Na+ channels.

A

absolute refractory period.

93
Q

occurs in unmyelinated axons that have voltage-gated channels along their entire length.

A

continuous propagation

94
Q

in myelinated axons where electrical signal seems to jump from node to node. Moves faster through “insulated” segments covered with myelin and slows down when it reaches the bare axon of the nodes.

A

saltatory propagation

95
Q

does saltatory propagation happen in myelinated axons or unmyelinated axons

A

myelinated axons

96
Q

does continuous propagation happen in myelinated axons or unmyelinated axons

A

unmyelinated axons

97
Q

a small gap at the end of a neuron that allows a signal to pass from one neuron to the next.

A

Synapses

98
Q

which releases neurotransmitter and transmits the signal toward a synapse

A

Presynaptic neuron

99
Q

responds to neurotransmitter

A

postsynaptic neuron

100
Q
  • Axon terminal of presynaptic neuron contains
    synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitter.
  • Postsynaptic neuron membrane contains
    neurotransmitter receptors. The neurotransmitter
    receptors are ligand-gated ion gates that open
    when neurotransmitters bind to them.
A

chemical synapse

101
Q

four major chemical categories for neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine
Amino acids
Monoamines
Neuropeptides

102
Q

what is the function of Acetylcholine

A

role in memory, learning, attention, arousal and involuntary muscle movement.

103
Q

what is the function of Amino acids

A

are the main inhibitory and excitatory messengers in the nervous system

104
Q

what are examples of Amino acids

A

glycine
glutamate
aspartate,
y-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

105
Q

what is the function of Monoamines

A

modulation of psychomotor function, cardiovascular, respiratory and gastrointestinal control, sleep mechanisms, hormone secretion, body temperature, and pain.

106
Q

what are examples of Monoamines

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, histamine, and serotonin

107
Q

what is the function of neuropeptides

A

can modulate (increase or decrease) a postsynaptic response to a neurotransmitter

108
Q

what are examples of neuropeptides

A

enkephalin
cholecystokinin
substance P
B-endorphins

109
Q

what are the three kinds of synapses

A
  • Excitatory cholinergic synapse
  • Inhibitory GABA-ergic synapse
  • Excitatory adrenergic synapse
110
Q

a miniature transducer that converts a presynaptic electrical signal into a chemical signal (acetylcholine), which diffuses across the synaptic cleft, where it triggers another electrical signal on the postsynaptic side by interacting with acetylcholine receptors

A

Excitatory cholinergic synapse

110
Q

balances glutamatergic excitatory drive and thereby controls neuronal output

A

Inhibitory GABA-ergic synapse

111
Q

uses the monoamine neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE) also called noradrenaline.

A

Excitatory adrenergic synapse

112
Q

what are the events that lead to the cessation of the signal

A

Degradation
Reuptake
Diffusion

113
Q

how does the cessation of the signal occur

A

Presynaptic cell stops releasing neurotransmitter

114
Q

Enzyme in synaptic cleft breaks down neurotransmitter

A

Degradation

115
Q

Neurotransmitter (or its breakdown products) reabsorbed into axon terminal

A

Reuptake

116
Q

Neurotransmitter (or its breakdown products) simply diffuse away from synapse into nearby ECF

A

Diffusion

117
Q

are chemicals secreted by neurons that have long term modulatory effects on groups of neurons

A

Neuromodulators

118
Q
  • is a simple neuromodulator
  • Gas that enters postsynaptic cells and
    activates second messenger pathways
A

Nitric oxide (NO)

119
Q

are chains of amino acids that can act as neuromodulators

A

Neuropeptides

120
Q

are neuropeptides that inhibit pain signals in the CNS.

A

Enkephalins

121
Q

is the ability to process, store, and recall information and use it to make decisions.

A

Neural integration

122
Q

is a voltage change from Resting membrane potential towards threshold and usually results from Na+ flowing into the cell

A

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)

123
Q

occurs when the cell’s voltage becomes more negative than it is at rest

A

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

124
Q

is the process of adding up postsynaptic potentials and responding to their net effect which occurs in the trigger zone.

A

Summation

125
Q

what are the two types of Summation

A

Temporal summation
Spatial summation

126
Q

Occurs when a single synapse generates EPSPs so quickly that each is generated before the previous one fades. Allows EPSPs to add up over time to a threshold voltage that triggers an action potential.

A

Temporal summation

127
Q

Occurs when EPSPs from several different synapses add up to threshold at an axon hillock. Simultaneous input from multiple presynaptic neurons are required for the postsynaptic neuron to fire.

A

Spatial summation

128
Q

occurs when one presynaptic neuron enhances another one

A

Presynaptic facilitation

129
Q

occurs when one presynaptic neuron suppresses another one

A

Presynaptic inhibition

130
Q

ability of synapses to change

A

Synaptic plasticity

131
Q

process of making transmission easier

A

Synaptic potentiation

132
Q

what are the different types of memory

A

immediate memory
short-term memory
long-term memory

133
Q

ability to hold something in your thoughts for a few seconds which is essential for reading ability. Allows for the ability to feel for the flow of events (sense of the present).

A

Immediate memory

134
Q

lasts from seconds to a few hours. Includes working memory for taking action.

A

Short-term memory (STM)

135
Q

may last a lifetime and can hold more information than short term memory.

A

Long term memory (LTM)

136
Q

what are two types of long-term memory

A

explicit
implicit

137
Q

memories you can put into words

A

Explicit

138
Q

reflexive or unconscious memory. Includes procedural (motor skill) and emotional memories.

A

Implicit

139
Q

symptoms of Alzheimer Disease

A
  • Memory loss for recent events
  • Moody, combative
  • Loss of ability to talk, walk, and eat
140
Q

symptoms of Parkinson Disease

A
  • Progressive loss of motor function
  • Degeneration of dopamine-releasing
    neurons
  • Dopamine normally prevents
    excessive activity in motor centers
  • Involuntary muscle contractions

Anatomy and Physiology (22 decks)

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