Osseous Tissue for Final EXAM Flashcards
is the study of bone
osteology
hold bones together at joints
ligaments
attach muscle to bone
tendons
calcification
the hardening process of bone
Functions of the Skeleton
support
protection
movement
Electrolyte balance
Acid–base balance
Blood formation
connective tissue with the matrix hardened by calcium phosphate and other minerals.
Bone (osseous tissue)
Types of bones by shape
flat
long
short
Irregular bones
Sutural bones
Sesamoid
Bones that develop within the tendons usually found near the joints.
sesamoid bone
Thin, curved plates; protect soft organs.
flat bones
Longer than wide; rigid levers acted upon by muscles; crucial for movement.
long bones
Approximately equal in length and width; glide across one another in multiple directions.
short bones
Elaborate shapes that do not fit into other categories.
irregular bones
Bones found in between the sutures of the skull.
Sutural bones
examples of flat bones
roof of skull
sternum
ribs
scapulae
examples of long bones
arm
forearm
thigh
leg
palms
soles
fingers
toes
femur
examples of sesamoid bones
knee
example of Irregular Bones
vertebrae
pelvis
several bones in the skull
example of short bones
carpal bones (wrists)
tarsal bones (ankles)
dense outer shell of bone
Compact bone
loosely organized bone tissue
spongy bone
Found in center of ends and center of shafts of long bones and in middle of nearly all others.
spongy bone
shaft that provides leverage
diaphysis
space in the diaphysis of a long bone that contains bone marrow
Marrow cavity (medullary cavity)
Contains hematopoietic tissue that produces blood cells. It is found in nearly every bone in a child.
red marrow
found in adults. It is a fatty marrow that does not produce blood.
Yellow marrow
enlarged ends of a long bone. strengthen joint and anchor ligaments and tendons.
Epiphysis
the middle where the diaphysis and the epiphysis meets
Metaphysis
layer of hyaline cartilage that covers joint surface; allows bones to
move freely at the joint.
Articular cartilage
found in adults, a bony scar that marks where growth plate used to be.
Epiphysial line
area of hyaline cartilage that separates epiphyses and diaphyses of children’s bones. Enables growth in length.
Epiphysial plate (growth plate)
what is apart of long bones anatomy
diaphysis
epiphysis
metaphysis
The shaft of a long bone which is made up of compact or dense bone. The central space is called the medullary (marrow) cavity.
Diaphysis
The wide part at the ends of long bones. Made up of a spongy (cancellous) bone surrounded by compact bone.
Epiphysis
Where the diaphysis and epiphysis meets.
Metaphysis
Four principal types of bone cells
- Osteogenic cells
- Osteoblasts
- Osteocytes
- Osteoclasts
stem cell whose divisions produce osteoblasts
osteogenic cells
immature bone cell that secretes osteoid the organic component of bone matrix
osteoblast
mature bone cell that maintains the bone matrix
osteocyte
bone-dissolving cells found on bone surface
osteoclast
architecture of bone determined by mechanical stresses placed on it. Remodeling is a collaborative and precise action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Bony processes grow larger in response to mechanical stress.
Wolff’s law of bone
the formation of bone
Ossification or osteogenesis
Two mechanisms of bone formation
Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification
Produces flat bones of skull, clavicle, and part of the mandible in fetus. Thickens long bones throughout life.
Intramembranous ossification
Bones originate as hyaline cartilage. Produce long bones.
Endochondral ossification
growth from within
interstitial growth
occurs at bone surface. Continual growth in diameter and thickness.
Appositional growth
process in which calcium, phosphate, and other ions are taken from blood and deposited in bone. Osteoblasts produce collagen fibers that spiral the length of the osteon.
Mineral deposition
process of dissolving bone and releasing minerals into blood.
Performed by osteoclasts at ruffled border.
Mineral resorption
depends on a balance between dietary intake, urinary and fecal losses, and exchanges between osseous tissue
Calcium homeostasis
Calcium homeostasis is regulated by three hormones
Calcitriol
calcitonin
parathyroid hormone
most active form of vitamin D
calcitriol
is a hormone that raises blood calcium level
calcitriol
secreted by parathyroid glands on
posterior surface of thyroid
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
secreted by C cells (clear cells) of thyroid gland when blood calcium levels rise too high
calcitonin
explain the process of fracture repair
- Hematoma formation
- Soft callus formation
- Hard callus formation
- Bone remodeling
