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Undeleted > Thyroid > Flashcards

Thyroid Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Thyroid Gland produce?

A

Thyroid hormones T3 and T4, also Calcitonin

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2
Q

Describe the structure of the thyroid gland.

A
  • dense connective tissue capsule - follicules surrounded by single layer of secretory follicular cells on basement membrane - cell free follicle that store thyroid hormone - parafollicular cells that store calcitonin
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3
Q

What does Calcitonin do?

A

Acts on bone by increasing osteoblast activity; increases Calcium storage but decreases Calcium serum levels.

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4
Q

Who produces Calcitonin?

A

parafollicular cells / “C” cells

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5
Q

Identify A and B

A

A = Thyroid glandB = Parathyroid gland

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6
Q
A

A = calcitonin

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7
Q
A

Thyroid

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

What do Follicular cells produce?

A

Thyroglobulin, it is iodinated and stored within the follicles.

In response to TSH, the thyroglobulin is endocytosed, processed into T3 and T4 and secreted into the blood. T3 and T4 are important regulators of metabolic activity.

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10
Q

What do parafollicular cells do?

A

Make calcitonin (thyrocalcitonin), a peptide hormone that inhibits bone resorption by osteoclasts, thereby lowering calcium concentrations in blood.

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11
Q

identify

A
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12
Q

How is Thyroid hormone produced?

A
  1. Iodine pump transports and concentrates iodide into colloid
  2. & 3. Epithelial cells secrete thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase into colloid
  3. Thyroglobulin becomes iodinated after thyroid peroxidase converts iodide to iodine
  4. Proteolysis of iodothyroglobulin after uptake of colloid droplets and fusion with lysosomes
  5. Release of thyroid hormones triiodotyrosine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) into the circulation
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13
Q

Identify the structure

A
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14
Q

Describe the function of thyronines

A
  1. increase the basal metabolic rate
  2. affect protein synthesis
  3. help regulate long bone growth
  4. neuronal maturation
  5. increase the body’s sensitivity to catecholamines.
  6. essential for proper development and differentiation of all cells of the human body.
  7. Thyroid hormone stimulates heat generation.
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15
Q

What are the thyroid hormones?

A

The thyroid hormones (thyronines) are:

  • thyroxine (T4)
  • triiodothyronine (T3)
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16
Q

What is needed to produce the thyroid hormones?

A

They are produced using iodine

17
Q

What is thyroid hormone T4 converted to?

A

T4 is converted to T3 by deiodinases and further processed by decarboxylation and deionidation to produce T1a (iodothyronamine) and thyronamine (T0a).

18
Q

Describe the function of calcitonin

A

Parafollicular (C) cells secrete calcitonin which binds to receptors on osteoclast and inhibits bone resorption.

19
Q

What are Hyperthyroidism symptoms?

A

Symptoms:

  • nervousness
  • irritability
  • increased perspiration
  • heart racing
  • hand tremors
  • anxiety
  • difficulty sleeping
  • muscular weakness (main-upper arms)
20
Q

Why does Hyperthyroidism occur?

A

Excess thyroid hormones overstimulate metabolism and enhance the effect of the sympathetic nervous system, causing “speeding up” of various body systems and symptoms resembling an overdose of epinephrine (adrenaline).

21
Q

What is Graves Disease?

A
  • It’s the most common form of hyperthyroidism.
22
Q

What is this disease?

A

Graves Disease

23
Q

What is Hypothyroidism?

A
  • is a Iodine deficiency
  • In the US the most common cause is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.
  • B cells produce autoantibodies against thyroid antigens
24
Q

What is this disease?

A

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

25
Q

What is this disease?

A

Graves Disease/hyperthyroidism

26
Q

What happens in Hyperthryoidism?

A

There is an overproduction of thyroid hormone causes overstimulation of the metabolism and enhacing sympathetic nervous system

27
Q

What causes Grave’s Disease?

A
  • It’s caused by autoantibodies binding and stimulating the TSH receptor
28
Q

What other disease accompanies Grave’s Disease?

A
  • usually is accompanied with myasthenia gravis
29
Q

What are the symptoms of Graves Disease?

A
  • symptoms: eyes may look enlarged because the eye muscles swell and push the eye forward and swelling of the front of the neck from an enlarged thyroid gland (goiter)
30
Q

What is the most common form of Hypothyroidism?

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.

31
Q

What happens in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

A

B cells produce autoantibodies against thyroid antigens

32
Q

What is this disease?

A

Grave’s Disease

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