Cellular Components Flashcards
1
Q
What are Microtubules?
A
they are polymers of alpha and beta tubulin dimers
2
Q
When alpha and beta tubulin dimers polymerize, what do they form?
A
protofilaments
3
Q
In a protofilament, how many individual dimers are there?
A
13
4
Q
From what end is a protofilament elongated? Why not from the other side?
A
From the +; the - is capped
5
Q
What polarity is the is the alpha tubule dimer end?
A
neg (-)
6
Q
What polarity is the is the beta tubule dimer end?
A
positive (+)
7
Q
What do molecular motors use to move?
A
ATP
8
Q
What are the molecular motors?
A
Dynein
kinesin
9
Q
What is the direction of both molecular motors?
A
Dynein = to - side (from periphery of cell)
Kinesin = to + side (to periphery)
10
Q
Name the 5 intermediate filaments.
A
- tonofilaments
- vimentin
- desmin
- neurofilaments
- glial filaments
11
Q
From where do the different intermediate filaments come from?
A
Tonofilments = epithelium
vimentin = mesenchymal cells
desmin = muscle
neurofilaments = neurons
glial filaments = glial cells
12
Q
Where can we find the 5 different intermediate filaments?
A
- tonofilaments - keratinizing and non-keratinizing epithelia
- vimentin - fibroblasts, chondroblast, osteoblast, macrophages, endothelial cells, vascualr smooth cells
- Desmin - striated and smooth muscle
- neurofilaments - neurons
- glial filaments - astrocytes
13
Q
What cells have high mitotic activity and heterochromatic nucleus?
A
undifferentiated cells
14
Q
What cells have low mitotic activity, euchromatic nucleus and a prominent nucleolus?
A
Hihgly differentiated cells
15
Q
Where is this? What is the with stuff pointed and what are the black spots pointed? What is the huge black spot close to the middle?
A
In the nucleus
white = euchromatin
black = heterochromatin
big black spot = nucleolus
16
Q
What is made in the nucleolus?
A
rRNA
17
Q
What are the different apical projections?
A
- Cilia
- Micorvilli
- Stereocilia
18
Q
What are stereocilia?
A
non-motile extensions
19
Q
What are cilia?
A
motile extensions
20
Q
How are cilia structured?
A
Axoneme = 9 doublets of microtubules surrounding 2 central pair, each attached with dynein arms (gives motility)
21
Q
What do microvilli do?
A
they increase the surface area for absorption and secretion.
22
Q
how do you stain for microvilli?
A
with PAS
23
Q
What causes Kartagener’s syndrome?
A
defective dynein arms causing immotile cilia
24
Q
What stiffens microvilli? Why?
A
actin fillaments, to aid in absoption
25
What are the 3 common macromolecules of ground substance?
GAG's
Proteoglycans
Glycoproteins
26
What are GAG's made of?
Hyaluronic Acid
Chondroitin Sulfate
Keratan Sulfate
Dermatan Sulfate
27
What are Proteoglycans made of?
a protein backbone with attached GAG's
28
What are Glycoproteins made of?
Fibronectin
Laminin
Osteonectin
Chondronectin
29
What is Hyaluronic Acid made of?
non-sulfated GAGs
30
When is Hyaluronic Acid production increased?
in early inflammatory process
31
What does hyaluronic acid aid in?
cell migration
32
Where is hyaluronic acid found in?
synovial fluid
cartilage
skin
33
where is hyaluronic acid synthesized?
in plasma membrane
34
What is the most common type of collagen?
type 1
35
What is this?
type 1 collagen
36
How does it look under a TEM?
light and dark bands
37
What is this type of collagen?
Type 1
38
What is indicated by the arrows?
Fibroblasts
39
What stain is used in type 1 collagen?
eosin
40
Where can collagen type 1 be found?
skin
tendon
vasculature
bone (main component is acidophillic)
organs
41
were can collagen type 2 be found?
cartilage (main component is basophillic)
42
Where can collagen type 3 be found?
reticulate (reticular fibers)
43
what stain is used in collagen type 3?
silver
44
where can collagen type 4 be found?
cell basement membrane (acidophillic)
45
Describe how elastic fibers form.
1. You have the developing fiber that gets made of many microfibrills made of fibrillin
2. Elastin gets added
3. Elastin makes up the center of the elastic fiber which retains fibrillin microfibrils at the surface
46
Who secretes fibrillin?
fibroblasts
smooth muscle cells
47
What is this?
elastic fibers
48
What is this?
elastic fibers
49
What is this?
elastic fibers
50
differentiate between collagen, elastin and fibrillin.
up = collagen
center black = elastin
down = microfibrils
51
What connects to elastin?
fibrillin
52
What happens when there is a deficit in elastin?
Marfan's Disease
53
What is the mutation in Marfan's?
FBN1 = fibrillin gene
54
What is the inheritance of Marfan's?
AD
55
What are the symptoms for Marfan's?
SHE
Skeletal = hypermobile joints, long bones, pectus excavatum
Heart = aortic dissection
Eyes = lens detachment
56
Name the 3 intercellular junctions
1. Tight junction (occluding)
2. Adherens junction (adhering)
3. Gap/communicating junction
57
What do tight junctions do?
dont allow passage of any substance
unique to epithelium
58
What do anchoring junctions do?
connects adjacent cells or attaches them to extracellular matrix
59
what do gap junctions do?
allow for interchange of molecules between cells
60
Identifiy gap/tight/adherence junctions
first tight
second adherence
third Gap
61
What is the basal lamina?
its the basement membrane in any epithelium
62
what does the basal lamina do?
it separates epithelial cells from connective tissue
63
What are the properties of the basal lamina?
1. structural support
2. permeability barrier since it helps filter small molecules from blood in kidney
3. organizes proteins in cell membranes
4. helps regulate differentiation
64
What type of collagen do we find in the basal lamina?
Type 4
65
What protein can we find abundantly in basal lamina?
laminin
66
We can find cells in stacks or alone in different shapes, what are these stacks and shapes names?
1. squamous
2. ciboidal
3. columnar
4. pseudostratified
They can be stratified or simple layered
67
What are the features of a squamous cell?
* thin
* smooth
* oval nuclei
68
What is the feature of a cuboidal cell?
cuboidal shape
69
what are the features of a columnar cell?
elongated
nuclei close to base
70
What are the features of pseudostratified cells?
columnar with arratical nuclei
appears almost stratified
ciliated
71
Where can we find squamous cells?
alveole
pericardium
72
where can we find cuboidal?
pancreas
kidneys
ovary
73
Where can we find columnar cells?
stomach, and intestine
74
where can we find pseudostratified cells?
airway, uterus, fallopian tubes
75
what do stratified cells lack?
junctions, they only use desmosomes
76
they can specialize in two ways...
1. keratinized: water proof
2. transitional: cuboidal stretch to squamous
77
What are the 5 classifications of a gland?
1. uni or multi cellular
2. single or simple duct; branches or compound
3. product secreted : water/mucous
4. shape of its adenomere: acinar/tubular/alveolar
5. method of secretion: channel/duct/holocrine
78
What is a tubular adenomere?
when the secretory end piece is the same size as the duct
79
What is an example of a tubular adenomere?
sweat gland
80
What is a acinar adenomere?
is a grape-like enlarged rounded endpiece with pyramid shaped cells
81
Give an example of a acinar adenomere.
salivery glands
82
What is an alveolar adenomere?
large, irregular secretory endpiece which can hold a significant amount of product
83
Give an example of a alveolar adenomere
mammary gland
84
What kind of gland is this?
Tubular
85
What kind of gland is this?
Acinar
| (salivary gland)
86
What is this?
alveolar
87
Give another name for Metaplasia
Barret's Esophagus
88
What is this?
Normal esophagus
89
What is this?
Barrette's esophagus
90
Differentiate between Lung Metaplasia and Normal Lung lung epithelium
Which smokes and which doesn't?
left doesnt smoke and has normal lung epithelium.
Right smokes and has lung metaplasia.
91
From where does Mesenchymal tissue come from embryonically?
Mesoderm
92
Name the 5 different Connective tissues.
1. Mucous Connective Tissue
2. Proper Connective Tissue
3. Special Connective Tissue
4. Adipose Connective Tissue
5. Cartilage
6. Bone
93
Give two examples of Proper connective tissue
loose and dense connective tissue
Irregular connective tissue
94
give an example of special connective tissue
reticular connective tissue made from type 3 collagen
95
what inhibits adipose tissue?
leptin
96
what does adipose tissue do?
stores energy
97
what does adipose tissue produce?
IL-6
98
what are the three types of cartilage connective tissues?
1- hyaline
2- elastic
3- fibrocartilage
99
How do you find the cells in cartilage?
they are trapped in a matrix and its avascular
100
How do you find the cells in bone?
trapped in a matrix and its vascular
101
what are the components of the matrix that make up connective tissue?
the matrix is made up of
* fibers: can be elastic, collagen, reticular
* ground substance: has GAG's, proteoglycans, glycoproteins
* tissue fluid
102
What forms the collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers of the matrix component of connective tissue?
fibroblasts
103
what is a reticulocyte?
is a connective tissue forming reticular fibers
104
Where is the fibroblast?
105
Where is the fibroblast?
106
What kind of cell is this?
mast cell
107
What kind of cell is this?
mast cells
108
What do mast cells do to vasculature?
they increase capillary permeability
109
what do mast cells do?
they normally mediate an inflammatory response causing swelling
110
Do mast cells have granules?
yes
111
what do the granules of mast cells contain?
heparin and histamine
112
What causes degranulation in mast cells?
IgE
113
what do mast cells do in relation to immune cells?
they facilitate the migration of immune cells to an area
114
Where can loose connective tissue be found? What does it contain? Is it vascularized?
underneath epithelium
it contains reticular fibers
it is vascularized
115
What are the two divisions of dense connective tissue?
regular
irregular
116
what type of collagen can be found on dense connective tissue?
collagen type 1
117
how does dense connective tissue stain?
eosinophillic
118
Where can we find fibroblasts?
in dense connective tissue
119
What collagen is reticular connective tissue made of?
collagen type
120
what forms reticular connective tissue?
fibroblasts
121
in what tissue can we find reticular connective tissue?
in lymphatic organs except thymus
122
what stain is used to visualize reticular connective tissue?
silver stain
123
What does reticular connective tissue do?
it allows cellular motility
124
what cells are these?
adipocytes
125
what does intraperitoneal adipose tissue produce?
Interleukin-6
126
What type of collagen is found in hyaline cartilage?
collagen type 2
127
what can be found in hyaline cartilage?
aggrecan proteoglycan
hyaluronic acid
128
what color does hyaline carilage stain?
basophilic due to aggrecan proteoglycan
129
what is this?
hyaline cartilage
130
how does fibrocartilage stain?
acidophillic
131
what is this?
fibrocartilage
132
are cartilage cells trapped in a matrix vascular or avascular?
avascular
133
What is the composition of bone?
9% water
22% organic matrix
69%inorganic matrix
134
What is most of the organic matrix composition of bone?
collagen for tensile strength
135
what is most of the inorganic composition?
hydroxyapatite
136
What is so special about hydroxyapatite?
it serves as a huge Ca+ storage for the body while providing the compresive properties for supporting tissue
137
What are the 3 cells found in bone? what do they do?
1. osteoblasts: secrete matrix that hardens by calcification; traps osteocytes in lacunae
2. osteocytes: maintains the calcified matrix and receives blood from canaliculi
3. osteoclasts: monocyte derived cells, do bone remodeling
138
what collagen is found in bone?
type 1 collagen
139
what are the three muscle types?
skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle
140
how is skeletal muscle?
strong, quick discontinuous contractions
141
how is cardiac muscle?
strong, quick continous involuntary contractions
142
how is smooth muscle?
weak, slow involuntary contractions
143
in skeletal muscle, what makes the endomysium?
fibroblasts
144
how does skeletal muscle look?
striated multinucleated
145
what does the I band contain and what does the A band contain?
I = actin
A = myosin
F = fibroblast
146
What are the arrow pointing at? What kind of muscle is this?
Cardiac muscle
arrows = intercalated disks
147
how does cardiac muscle look?
striated with single centra nucleus
148
what innervates the cardiac muscle?
Autonomic nervous system
149
what kind of junction is found in cardiac muscle?
gap
150
what kind of muscle is this?
smooth muscle
151
how do nuclei form smooth muscle look?
uncondensed
152
in comparison with cardiac and skeletal muscle, what does smooth muscle lack?
striations
153
what junction is found in smooth muscle?
gap junction
154
what is Myasthenia gravis?
is an autoimmune disease where antibodies block acetylcholine receptors disabling the ability for muscle contracture.
155
In Myasthenia gravis, how do patients feel during physical activity?
they feel very weak and this is treated with rest
156
how is myasthenia gravis treated?
with acetylcholine esterase inhibitor, increasing the mount of acetylcholine available, also with immunosupressants
157
What are these cells?
neurons
158
What special body can we find in neurons? What are they? What do they cause?
Nissl bodies, they contain RER causing neurons to be basophilic.
159
is the nucleus of neurons euchromatic or heterochromatic?
euchromatic
160
Where is lipofuscin not found?
cerebellar purkinje
161
how does lipofuscin look?
yellow-brown
162
what is lipofuscin?
remnant of lisosomal activity
163
What are the glial cells of the CNS?
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
164
what are the glial cells of the PNS?
schwann cells
165
what do astrocytes do?
they regulate the neural environment
contribute to Blood-Brain barrier
regulate potasium levels in extracellular fluid
they control vaso-dilation/constriction
166
what do oligodendrocytes do?
myelinate CNS
167
what do microglia do?
immune cells
168
what do ependymal cells do?
they line the ventricular system
169
what do schwann cells do?
myelenate perpheral nervous system neurons
170
what do satellite cells do?
Surround neurons in autonomic and sensory ganglia
Regulate the environment of neurons similar to astrocytes
171
What do astrocytes contain?
GFAP
172
What are these cells?
astrocytes
173
What are the two types of astrocytes?
Protoplasmic
Fibrous
174
How do protoplasmic astrocytes look?
they have short thick processes in gray matter
175
how do fibrous asctrocytes look like?
thin, less branched in white matter
176
What does the blood brain barrier contain?
Tight junctions between endothelial cells
astroglial foot processes
177
What are these?
oligodendrocytes
178
True or False
Oligodendrocytes contain Many branches
False - they contain few branches
179
what is the peripheral nervous system counter-part to oligodendrocytes?
schwann cells
180
What kind of cancer occurs in the basal lamina?
carcinoma in situ - good kind of cancer
181
What does hyaluronic acid help with in the joints?
it helps to reduce the friction
182
What are microglia a type of cell?
they are a type of macrophage but for the neural system
183
What do microglia remove?
debris
184
what do ependymal cells propel?
they line the ventricular system of the CNS and they propel CSF with their projections.
185
what cells are these?
microglia
186
what cell is this?
ependymal cell
187
these cells surround neurons in autonomic and sensory ganglia.
satellite cells
188
Describe how the resting potential is maintained.
the axon contains Na/K channels that keep pumping 3 Na out and 2 K in.
This creates a negative charge on the inside and a positive charge on the outside
189
What is the purpose of myelin?
to speed up the conduction of an action potential
190
What is Multiple Sclerosis?
Is a disease that causes the demyelination of axons of CNS
191
What is the cell being pointed with the arrow?
Schwann cell
look at the myelin
192
When are synaptic vesicles released?
When Calcium enters the terminal of an axon
193
What space of the Meninges contains the CSF?
Subarachnoid space
194
What are the layers of the meninges from outermost to innermost?
DAP
Dura
Arachnoid
Pia
195
What tissue do we find in the dura?
Dense connective tissue
196
What tissue do we find in Arachnoid layer?
simple squamous epithelium
197
What tissue do we find on the pia?
Simple squamous
198
Where is the CSF made?
in the choroid plexuses of the 3rd and 4th ventricle
199
What forms the CSF?
capillaries and ependymal cells
200
what does the CSF do?
it cushions and nourishes the CNS
201
What are these cells? how do you know?
spinal dorsal root ganglia due to the central nucleus and satellite cells around
202
What are these cells? How do you know?
Autonomic ganglia due to the eccentric nucleus
203
What is this? what is shown in left and right arrows?
mammary gland during pregnancy (not active)
Left arrow = interlobular dense irregular connective tissue
Right arrow = alveoli surrounded by intralobular loose connective tissue
204
Breast cancer is usually from what epitheliym?
the glandular epithelium- ductal or lobular
205
What does oxytocin cause?
milk ejection
206
What does prolactin cause?
milk production (lactogenesis)
207
what do estrogen and progesterone cause in pregnancy?
they form the placenta
208
What is this?
big white - lactating duct
209
What is this?
distended alveoli - milk is stored
210
What are these?
inactive alveolar ducts
211
What are these?
Active alveolar ducts
212
What are the mammary gland hormones present during puberty?
estrogen, progesterone
213
What are the mammary gland hormones present during pregnancy?
prolactin, placental hormones (estrogen and progesteron)
214
What hormones inhibit the effect of lactogenesis from prolactin?
estrogen and progesterone
215
What is the primary source of these hormones during the fetal period?
the placenta
216
What happens to the levels of progesterone and estrogen during birth?
they drop due to removal of placenta
217
What happens if the placenta is not removed during birth?
could maintain levels of estrogen and progesterone inhibiting milk production
218
What do these hormones do?
Estrogen
Prolactin
Progesterone
Oxytocin
Estrogen: mesenchymal cell proliferation
progesterone: maturation of secretory capability
prolactin: production of milk
oxytocin: ejection of milk
219
What antibody is released during pregnancy?
IgA by plasma cells
220
From where do all defensive cells come from?
Bone Marrow
221
What is this cell?
Lymphocyte
222
What is this cell?
Lymphocyte
223
What is this cell?
Lymphocyte
224
What immune response do Lymphocytes give?
Specific immune response
225
What are the two cells of the lymphatic system?
T and B lymphocytes
226
T Lymphocytes divide into...?
CD8 - bind to MHC 1 (cytotoxic cells)
CD4 - bind to MHC 2 (Helper cells)
227
Into what do B cells divide into?
Plasma cells (form antibodies)
Natural Killers cells
Dendritic Cells (in lymph nodes)
Macrophages (Antigen P. cells)
228
Whis antibody is a huge pentamer, who is this?
IgA
229
Whare do we find IgA?
in milk secretion,saliva, tears
230
name the five classes of antibodies.
1. IgA - milk secretion
2. IgE - triggers Mast cells degranulation
3. IgG
4. IgM - bind to B cells (humoral immunity)
5. IgD - have not been exposed to antigens
231
What is thymoma?
reestablishment of lymphocytes or auto-reactive T cells
(maturation after involution is associated with autoimmune diseases)
232
233
What layer can we find in lobes of the thymus? How is the medulla?
the cortex where basophilic lymphocytes are dense
The medulla has few lympohcytes
234
How is the medulla of the thymus distinguished?
by thymic corpuscles or Hassel's corpuscles
235
What is type of epithelium is the respiratory epithelium? And what other cells can be found in it?
pseudostratified columnar ciliated
We can find goblet and stem cells
236
what epithelium is this?
respiratory (pseudostratified ciliated columnar)
237
Name the different parts of the respiratory tract.
bottom to top
m = trachea
b left = bronchus
b right = bronchiole
tb = resp bronchiole
1st a = alveolar duct
2nd a = alveolar sac
238
What is the difference betwen: trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, terminal bronchiole?
trachea = seromucous glands, flat resp. epithelium, lamina propria, full cartilage
bronchus = folded resp. epithelium, smooth muscle, bits of cartilage
bronchiole = folded resp epithelium, full ring of smooth muscle, no cartilage
terminal bronchiole = have clara cells, few goblet cells, more cuboidal epithelium
239
where is this?
trachea
240
what is this?
a bronchus
241
what surrounds the wall of the bronchus?
how is the mucosa of the broncus?
what type of mucous glands does the broncus have in the submucosa?
hyaline cartilage
the mucosa is convoluted
seromucous glands
242
What is this? how do you know?
a bronchiole
its a complete ring of muscle
243
does the bronchiole have cartilage?
no!!
244
does the bronchiole have clara cells?
yES!!
245
What cells are these?
Clara cells
246
247
What do Clara cells do?
they contain surfanctant, containing enzymes that break down mucus, detoxyfy air, secrete IgA
Surfactant reduces surface tension while preventing the bronchiole to collapse
248
What are the cells being shown by the pointers? What is in the right side of the photo?
Clara cells
terminal bronchioles
249
how do terminal bronchioles differentiate from respiratory brionchioles?
terminal brionchioles branch into respiratory bronchioles which branch into alveolar ducts and individual alveoli
Respiratory bronchioles branch but do not have scattered alveoli along their length
250
What is this?
alveolar duct
251
fill in the 3 boxes
from left to right
alveoli, respiratory bronchiole, terminal bronchiole
252
what is this?
respiratory bronchiole
253
Identify the types of pneumocytes
top to bottom
type 1 alveolar cell
type 2 alveolar cell
alveolar macrophage
254
255
What features of pneumocytes type 1 are important?
have squamous epithelium
contain tight junctions
they share basement membrane with endothelium
256
what features are important of pneumocytes type 2?
they are round
produce surfactant
contain lamellar bodies
257
who breaks elastic fibers in the lung?
neutrophils
258
what can cause loss of elastic fibers in the lungs?
ephysema
259
Why is elasti fibers need in the lungs?
for recoil
260
fill in the boxes
top to bottom
type 1 pneumocyte
capillary
type 2 pneumocyte
type 2 pneumocyte
261
What is shown in the arrow? (better know it)
lamellar body of type 2 pneumocyte
262
What is squamous metaplasia?
Who do will exhibit this most often?
What can lead to this?
benign non-cancerous changes in the lining of the epithelium of certain organs
we will see it mostly in Smokers
Vitamin A deficiency
263
is this normal or squamous metaplasia?
normal traqueal lining
264
is this squamous metaplasia or normal traqueal lining?
squamous metaplasia
265
What are the two types of lung cancer?
non small cell
small cell
266
What are the two divisions of non-small cell carcinoma?
Squamous cell metaplasia - from the bronchus
Adenocarcinoma - in the seromucous glands
267
What is small cell carcinoma?
neuroendocrine cancer
highly metastatic
268
What is Respiratory Distress Syndrome?
lack of surfactant
occurs mostly in infants:
Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome occurs in infants with underdeveloped lungs
269
What is Cystic Fibrosis?
defective chloride channels causing loss of hydration of mucous, therefore causing bacteria to accumulate in the mucous.
270
How do you test Cystic Fibrosis?
sweat test
271
What is COPD?
lung disease, that makes it hard to breathe....
272
What are the divisions of COPD?
Chronic bronchitis: long term cough with mucous
Emphysema: destruction of lungs over time
273
What is emphysema?
small airways in the lungs collapse during forced exhalation, airflow is impeded and air becomes trapped
274
How to you tell its emphysema?
the chest fills with air and produces a barrel shape
275
When you auscultate for epmhysema, what are you supposed to hear?
hyper-resonant breath sounds
276
What is chronic bronchitis?
infiltration of neutrophils secreting elastase.
277
What blocks elastase?
alpha-1-antitrypsin
278
what blocks alpha-1-antitrypsin?
tobacco smoke
279
What happens if alpha-1-antitrypsin is blocked?
neutrophil elastase will remove elastin from alveolar wall causing them to blow out, therefore causing emphysema
280
What disease is this?
chronic bronchitis?
281
What disease is this?
chronic bronchitis?
282
What is the external tunic of the heart?
epicardium
283
What does the epicardium have?
site of coronary vessels
284
What tissue can we find in epicardium?
loose connective tissue with nerves and fat
285
what type of epithelium can we find in the epicardium?
simple squamous-to cuboidal
286
the pericardial space is lined with what epithelium?
simple squamous to cuboidal
287
the epicardium is part of what?
the visceral layer of the pericardium
288
What layer is designated by the vertical line?
epicardium
289
What is the light blue structure?
valve
290
Heart valves are composed of what type of tissue?
dense connective tissue
collagen
elastic fibers
291
What are the layers of the artery?
top to bottom
**tunica intima**
endothelium
subendothelial layer
internal elastic lamina
**tunica media**
**tunica externa**
292
What is this?
elastic artery
293
What do arteries need to deal with the pressure of blood?
elastin
294
What do arteries do in diastole?
they recoil to prevent sharp drop in pressure
295
what do arteries do in systole?
they expand
296
What decreases in arteries the farther away they are from the heart? What increases?
their elastin composition decreases and gets replaced by smooth muscle
297
What are these?
left to right
298
What terminal vessel has a precapillary sphincter?
metarteriole
299
What does the precapillary sphincter of metarterioles do?
regulates flow to capillary bed
300
Name the 3 types of capillaries? What is special of them?
1. continuous - have tight junctions
2. fenestrated - is fenestrated for exchange
3. sinusoids - discontinuous, wider
301
What is this muscle?
cardiac muscle
302
What is Atheroma?
accumulation of foam cells
303
What is Fibroatheroma?
addition of collagen to foam cells
304
What is a Valvular Disease?
its replacement of elastic tissue with collagen and potential calcification
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How does a plaque form?
lipids accumulate
macrophages begin to attach
more lipid accumulates
intracellular lipid accumulation
calcification of layers
thrombosis
