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Undeleted > Pituitary, Hypothalamus, Pineal Gland > Flashcards

Pituitary, Hypothalamus, Pineal Gland Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

A system that has ductless glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.

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2
Q

What does the endocrine system help do?

A

It helps regulate metabolism

Maintain homeostasis

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3
Q

what are some of the Primary endocrine organs?

A
  1. hypophysis cerebri (pituitary gland)
  2. epiphysis cerebri (pineal gland)
  3. thyroid gland
  4. parathyroid gland
  5. adrenal glands
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4
Q

What does the Hypothalamus do?

A
  • Monitors blood levels of circulating hormones
  • Controls the activity of the anterior pituitary via hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
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5
Q

What are the divisions of the hypothalamus?

A
  1. Anterior
  2. Intermediate
  3. Posterior
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6
Q

What does the hypothalamus control?

A
  • Endocrine system
  • autonomic control
  • circadian rhythm
  • water balance
  • temperature
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7
Q

What is the portal system?

A

It is a bed of capillaries used by the hypothalamus to relase inhibiting or realising factors into the bloodstream.

These factor control the secretory activity of the anterior pituitary.

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8
Q

Name the regulating hormones released by the hypothalamus.

A
  1. Growth hormone releasing hormone (GhRH)
  2. Somatostatin
  3. Dopamine
  4. Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
  5. Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
  6. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
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9
Q

What does GhRH do?

A

stimulates growth

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10
Q

What does Somatostatin do?

A

inhibits GH and insulin secretion

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11
Q

What does Dopamine do?

A

It inhibits prolactin secretion.

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12
Q

What does Corticotropin releasing hormone do?

A

Stimulates ACTH release

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13
Q

What does GnRH do?

A

Stimulates secretion of LH and FSH.

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14
Q

What does Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) do?

A

Stimulates secretion of TSH and prolactin

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15
Q

Name the hormones released by the posterior pituitary.

A
  1. Oxytocin
  2. ADH
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16
Q

What is a Pituitary Adenoma?

A
  • Tumor of the Anterior Pituitary.
  • It can press on Optic Chiasm (loss of peripheral vision)
  • occurs hypersecretion of hormones
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17
Q

What is this?

A

Prolachtinom

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18
Q

What is this?

A

normal prolactin producing cells

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19
Q

What are the two major divisions of the pituitary?

A
  1. adenohypophysis
  2. neurohypophysis
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20
Q

From where does the Adenohypophysis arise from?

A

from the oral ectoderm

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21
Q

Where does the neurohypophysis arise from?

A

from neuroectoderm

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22
Q

who controls the adenohypophysis?

A

the hypothalamus

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23
Q

What does the adenohypophysis contain?

A

hormone secreting cells

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24
Q

What is the neurohypohysis?

A

is the release site to the vascular system from hormones made by neurosecretory cells from the hypothalamus.

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25
Q

What hormones do Herring Bodies contain?

A

Oxytocin and ADH

26
Q

What are these cells?

A

Herring Bodies

27
Q

Identify the pars distali and pars nervosa

A
28
Q

What are the 3 cell types of the pars distalis?

A
  1. Acidophils
  2. Basophils
  3. Chromophobes
29
Q

Identify

A
30
Q

In what 2 cells do Acidophils divide?

A
  1. Somatotrophs
  2. Mammotrophs
31
Q

What do Somatotrophs do?

A
  • Produce Somatotrophin = growth hormone
  • stimulates bone growth and metabolism
32
Q

What stimulates Somatotrophs to make Somatotrophin?

A

SRH

33
Q

What inhibits Somatotrophs to stop making Somatotrophin?

A

Somatostatin

34
Q

What do Mammotrophs do or make?

A

They produce Prolactin which promotes milk production after birth.

35
Q

What cell promotes mammary gland development?

A

Mammotrophs

36
Q

What are the cell types in Basophil cells?

A
  1. Corticotrophs
  2. Thyrotrophs
  3. Gonadotrophs
37
Q

What do Corticotrophs produce?

A

They produce ACTH

38
Q

What stimulates Corticotrophs?

A

CRH

39
Q

What do thyrotrophs do?

A

they produce Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

40
Q

What stimulates gonadotrophs?

A

GnRh

41
Q

What do Gonadotrophs produce?

A

FSH and LH

42
Q

What do Gonadotrophs control?

A

sex hormones

43
Q

True or False

Chromophobes generally have less cytoplasm than chromophils.

A

True

44
Q

From where is the Pineal Gland derived from?

A

from neuroectoderm

45
Q

What does the Pineal Gland do?

A

It regulates the dauly body rythm.

46
Q

What cells inhabit the Pineal Gland?

A

Pinelocytes

47
Q

What do Pinelocytes do?

A

they produce melatonin

48
Q

What is a Brain-sand?

A

It is a calcified concretion

49
Q

What are brain-sands used for?

A

used in CT’s to determine the midline of the brain

50
Q

What inhibits melatonin production?

A

light

51
Q

What is melatonin used for?

A

used to induce sleep

52
Q

What does Melatonin inhibit?

A

It inhibits GnRH release by Hypothalamus

53
Q

What happens if the pineal gland is damaged?

A

Precocious puberty can occur

54
Q

What are the Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes Insipidus?

A
  • Constant thirst
  • Frequent urination
  • Glucosuria – negative
  • Proteinuria—negative
55
Q

What are the Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus?

A
  • constant thirst
  • frequent urination
  • glucosuria-positive
  • fatigue
  • numbness
56
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Hypo/hyperthyroidism?

A
  • chronic fatigue
  • low body temperature
  • dry skin
  • depression
  • bradycardia
  • anterior neck swelling
57
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Hyperparathyroidism?

A
  • muscle pain
  • low bone density
  • kidney stones
  • hyperkalemia
58
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Hypo/hyperadrenocorticism?

A
  • Tachycardia
  • Anxiety
  • Weight loss
  • Excessive sweating
  • Exopthalamus
59
Q

Which are acidophils and which are basophils?

A
60
Q

What is this?

A

Hypophysis

61
Q

Where is this?

A

Hypophysis

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