Chapter 3+4

Question 1

the amplification of genetic information goes from what to where?

Answer 1

from genome to proteome to gene networks, and ultimately to cellular function

Question 2

What are introns?

Answer 2

pre-mRNA that is transcribed in the nucleus

not present in mature RNA

Question 3

What are exons?

Answer 3

segments of genes that actually encode for the amino acid sequence of the protein

Question 4

what are the structural features of a human gene?

Answer 4

5' promotor
enhancer
silencer
repressor
locus control region
3' UTR

Question 5

What are gene families?

Answer 5

share closely related DNA and amino acid sequence

Question 6

what are pseudogenes?

Answer 6

are DNA sequences that resemble known genes but are nonfunctional

Question 7

what are the two types of pseudogenes?

Answer 7

1) non-processed

2) processed

Question 8

how does retrotrasnposition occur?

Answer 8

reverse transcription of a DNA copy of mRNA and later integration of the DNA copy back into the genome

Question 9

whats noticeable about pseudogenes?

Answer 9

they lack introns

Question 10

What is an important class of noncoding RNA genes?

Answer 10

micro RNA genes

Question 11

what do micro RNA genes do?

Answer 11

they control expression and repression of other genes during development

Question 12

how does initiation of transcription occur?

Answer 12

by influence of the promoter

Question 13

where is the start site of RNA?

Answer 13

on the 5’ UTR

Question 14

what is RNA splicing?

Answer 14

removal of introns and splicing together exons

Question 15

introns are rich in which nucleotides?

Answer 15

GT

Question 16

exons are rich in which nucleotides?

Answer 16

AG

Question 17

the non-transcribes strand of RNA is called?

Answer 17

the sense strand

Question 18

from where to where does the sense strand go from

Answer 18

5’ to 3’

Question 19

what direction does the noncoding strand have?

Answer 19

3’ to 5’

Question 20

where do you find the promotor element of RNA?

Answer 20

5’

Question 21

during translation, what is the start sequence or reading frame?

Answer 21

AUG

Question 22

what directionality does RNA translation have?

Answer 22

5’ to 3’

Question 23

what directionality does protein translation have?

Answer 23

amino to carboxyl terminus

Question 24

what is the stop codon?

Answer 24

UGA, UAA, UAG

Question 25

how is the beta globin gene transcribed?

Answer 25

from telomere to centromere

Question 26

the TATA box is rich in what nucleotide?

Answer 26

rich in A's and T's

Question 27

what does the TATA box do?

Answer 27

determines the start of transcription

Question 28

what does the CAT box do?

Answer 28

is the second conserved region upstream of TATA

Question 29

what happens if there is a mutation in either the TATA or the CAT box?

Answer 29

it would cause a reduction in transcription

Question 30

what are the two components of the promoter?

Answer 30

TATA box and CAT box

Question 31

what are housekeeping genes?

Answer 31

are repeated regions of CPG islands

Question 32

what do housekeeping genes lack?

Answer 32

they lack TATA or CAT boxes

Question 33

what inhibits or silences the function of housekeeping genes?

Answer 33

hypermethylation of the CPG islands

Question 34

the promoters of housekeeping genes are rich in what nucleotides?

Answer 34

CG

Question 35

Give an example where silencing of a housekeeping gene is necessary.

Answer 35

hypermethylation of second X chromosome in women

Question 36

what are enhancers?

Answer 36

they are an activating sequence elements that act at a distance to stimulate transcription

Question 37

What is the Locus Control Region?

Answer 37

establishes proper upper chromatin context for high-level expression, located upstream

Question 38

how is RNA splicing guided?

Answer 38

specific sequences in the primary RNA transcript