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Undeleted > Stomach, Liver, Kidney, Esophagus, Pancreas > Flashcards

Stomach, Liver, Kidney, Esophagus, Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

What is pancreatitis?

A

usually caused by gallstones

Blood amylase or lipase at least three times normal

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2
Q

How does pancreatitis present?

A

upper abdominal pain radiating to the back

vomiting

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3
Q

What can cause jaundice?

A

Hepatitis and pancreatic cancer

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4
Q

What does a patient with polyurea have?

A

diabetes mellitus

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5
Q

What are the two types of diabetes Mellitus?

A

Diabetes Type 1: problem with insulin production

Diabetes Type 2: problem with insulin sensitivity

you will find glucose in the urine

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6
Q

What is Diabetes Insipidus?

A

a problem with decreased ADH retention and therefore fluid is not retained in collecting duct

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7
Q

What is Addison’s Disease?

A

Decreased cortisol production

can be autoimmune

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of Addison’s Disease?

A

weight loss, dizziness due to low BP, muscular pain

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9
Q

What are the layers of the Gut?

A

Mucosa

Submucosa

Muscularis

Serosa

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10
Q

what layers does the mucosa contain?

A

epithelium

lamina propria

muscularis mucosa

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11
Q

What layers does the submucosa contain?

A

glands, vessels, submucosal plexus

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12
Q

What can we find in the muscularis layer?

A

inner circular layer

myenteric plexus

outer lingitudinal layer

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13
Q

how is the tissue found in the mucosa of the esophagus?

A

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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14
Q

what cell does the submucosa of the esophagus contain?

A

mucous glands with ducts that empty onto the luminal surface

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15
Q

what is the muscle tissue found in the different portions of the muscularis layer of the esophagus? What is the importance of this transition of muscles?

A

Upper part = Skeletal muscle

Middle part = Skeletal and smooth muscle

Lower part = Smooth muscle

its important for swallowing

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16
Q
A
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17
Q

Where is this?

A

esophagus

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18
Q

Where are the mucous glands of the stomach found? What do these mucous glands do?

A

in the cardia and pyloris, they secrete mucous to protect from acid of stomach

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19
Q

What do we find in the fundus of the stomach?

A

digestive glands (pepsinogen and HCL)

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20
Q

What does the pyloris secrete?

A

gastrin

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21
Q

What is gastrin?

A

enhances gastric contraction and secretion

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22
Q

What kind of glands are these and what are the cells that compose them?

A

Gastric glands

Parietal and Chief cells

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23
Q

What do parietal cells produce?

A

HCL and intrinsic factor

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24
Q

What organelle is largely found in parietal cells? And why do Parietals cells stain eosinophillic?

A

mitochondria

because of the many mitochondria

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25
What does intrinsic factor do?
its required for Vitamin B12 absorption
26
What can lack of intrinsic factor cause?
Megaloblastic anemia
27
What do chief cells secrete?
pepsinogen
28
What do chief cell stain?
basophillic
29
What are the cells of the stomach?
mucous, parietal, chief, enteroendocrine
30
what are the cells of the small intestine?
paneth cells, enteroendocrine, goblet cells
31
What do paneth cells do?
secrete lysozyme to prevent accumulation of bacteria in crypt
32
What are the cells of the large intestine?
enteroendocrine, obsorptive, goblet
33
Where is this?
duodenum
34
What does the tissue of the duodenum have?
villi and crypts Brunner's glands
35
What are these cells? What part of the intestine has these cells?
Peyer's Patches - Ilium
36
What cells overlay Peyer's Patches?
M Cells (microfold)
37
What are M cells?
they endocytose antigens and transport them to lymphocytes and macrophages
38
39
What happens in the colon?
water absorption
40
Where is this?
Colon
41
Where is this?
Liver
42
What is produced in the liver?
albumin and fibrinogen
43
What is stored in the liver?
Vitamins: A,D,B12 Glycogen
44
What hormones are secreted by the liver?
angiotensininogen thrombopoietin
45
What is secreted by the liver?
bile
46
What does the liver do?
detox the blood
47
What does bile do?
emulsify fats
48
how is bile stored in gallbladder?
cholic acid is synthesized from cholesterol and amino acids, deprotonated becomin bile salts secreted into canaliculi draining into bile duct and stored into gallbladder.... ..that it...
49
How does the Classic Hepatic Lobule drain?
drains blood from portal vein and hepatic artery to central vein
50
How does the portal lobule drain?
drains bile form the hepatocyte to the bile duct
51
How does the portal acinus drain?
supplies O2 blood to hepatocytes diagram goes from Zone 3 to Zone 1 (least oxigenated to most oxigenated)
52
What is Fatty Liver Disease?
triglycerides accumulate in liver cells leading to hepatitis (steatohepatitis)
53
Is this fatty or normal liver?
Normal Liver
54
Is this Fatty or Normal Liver?
Fatty Liver
55
What is this?
Centrilobular Necrosis of Liver
56
What is Centrilobular Necrosis of the Liver?
Is critically low oxigenation of zone 3 of the liver, usually de to Congestive Heart Failure
57
What is this?
Cirrhosis
58
What is Cirrhosis?
replacement of liver tissue by fibrosis and scar tissue which are non-functional tissues
59
What causes cirrhosis?
alcoholism, hepatitis B and C, and fatty liver disease,
60
Liver cancer divides in two types?
primary: comes from the liver itself/hepatitis and cirrhosis secondary: spreads to the liver via hepatic portal venous system
61
What is the endocrine part of the pancreas?
Langerhans islets
62
What is the exocrine part of the pancreas?
centroacinar cells
63
What are cells found in islet of Langerhans?
alpha cells - produce glucagon beta cells - produce insulin PP cells - produce pancreatic polypeptide G cells - manufacture gastrin delta cells - manufacture somatostatin
64
What two cells do we find in the exocrine pancreas?
centroacinar cells - bicarbonate buffer acinar cells -pancreatic amylase, lipase, elastase and trypsin inhibitor (protects cells from intracellular activation of trypsin)
65
What causes the pancreas to release its enzymes?
cholecystokinin acetylcholine (postganglionic parasympathetic)
66
What causes centroacinar cells to release bicarbonate buffer?
secretin
67
What organ is this? What are the darker tissues? What is the central pink tissue?
Pancreas serous acinar (exocrine part) islet of Langerhans (endocrine part)
68
69
What does insulin help do?
take up glucose or store it
70
What is Diabetes Mellitus? What is Diabetes Mellitus Type 1? What is Diabetes Mellitus Type 2? What is Diabetes Mellitus Type 3?
increased blood glucose type1 = little insulin type 2 = inactive insulin receptors type 3 = lack of insulin receptors in the brain
71
What does Glucagon do?
Increases blood glucose levels through gluconeogenesis
72
What does Somatostatin do?
inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion
73
What does Gastrin do?
promotes stomach motility and secretion
74
What is the function of the Spleen?
1. Filters blood 2. Removes antigens 3. Destroys senescent RBC's 4. Produces T and B lymphocytes 5. Stores RBCs 6. Recovers and stores iron
75
Explain the Splenic Circulation.
76
What do we find in the PALS of the Spleen?
T cells
77
What do we find in the Marginal Zone of the Spleen?
B Cells
78
What do we find in the Marginal zone sinuses of the Spleen?
Macrophages
79
What is the function of the kidney?
1. Filtration of Blood 2. Waste removal and storage--Urine 3. Last stage of Vitamin D activation 4. Acid-Base Balance 5. Regulation of fluid volume, blood pressure 6. Hormone Production: * Erythropoietin * Renin * Calcitriol (Vitamin D)
80
What happens in the proximal tubule?
microvilli reabsorb glucose, sodium, amino acids
81
What happens in the distal tubule?
under the influence of aldosterone removes remaining sodium, replaces with potassium
82
What happens in the Descending limb?
permeable to water which leaves concentrating urine
83
What happens in the thich ascending limb?
impermeable to water pumps chloride and sodium out
84
What happens in the Collecting duct?
under the influence of ADH becomes water permeable, water and urea leave, protons added to acidify urine
85
What epithelium do we find in distal and proximal convoluted tubules?
simple cuboidal epithelium
86
What is the difference between proximal and distal convoluted tubules?
proximal are filled with microvilli
87
What epithelium are the thin loops?
simple squamous
88
What epithelium are the thick loops?
simple cuboidal
89
What epithelium is the collecting duct?
simple cuboidal-columnar
90
Where do we find the proximal and distal convoluted tubules? Where do we find the glomerulus?
in the cortex also in the cortex
91
Where do we find the thin, thick loops and the collecting duct?
in the medulla
92
What is this?
The Cortex
93
Where is this?
the medulla
94
Explain the Renin-Angiotensin Cascade
When the kidney senses a drop in BP it tells the juxtaglomerular cells to secrete Renin. Renin goes to the liver so that it may secrete Angiotensin 1. Angiotensin 1 goes to the lungs and Angiotensin Converting Enzymes convert Angiotensin 1 to Angiotensin 2. Angiotensin 2 goes to the zona glomerulosa in the adrenal glands and have them secrete Aldosterone, increasing BP
95
What do the juxtaglomerular cells secrete?
Renin
96
What does the juxtaglomerular appartus consist of?
1. macula densa of the distal tubule 2. juxtaglomerular cells of the adjacent afferent 3. glomerular arteriole
97
What are juxtaglomerular cells?
modified smooth muscle cells in the tunica media of afferent glomerular arterioles
98
What epithelium can we find in the ureter, bladders, calyces and renal pelvis ?
transitional epithelium
99
What epithelium is found in this photo?
transitional
100
What are the layers of the Supra-adrenal cortex? What are their functions?
Zona Glomerulosa: * when stimulated by angiotensin II and ACTH, synthesize and release the hormones aldosterone and deoxycorticosterone. Zona Fasciculata: * when stimulated by ACTH, synthesize and release the hormones cortisol and corticosterone Zona Reticularis: * when stimulated by ACTH, synthesize and release dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, and some glucocorticoids.
101
What is the origin of the supra-adrenal glands?
neural crest cells

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