Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Undeleted > Stomach, Liver, Kidney, Esophagus, Pancreas > Flashcards

Stomach, Liver, Kidney, Esophagus, Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

What is pancreatitis?

A

usually caused by gallstones

Blood amylase or lipase at least three times normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does pancreatitis present?

A

upper abdominal pain radiating to the back

vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What can cause jaundice?

A

Hepatitis and pancreatic cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does a patient with polyurea have?

A

diabetes mellitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two types of diabetes Mellitus?

A

Diabetes Type 1: problem with insulin production

Diabetes Type 2: problem with insulin sensitivity

you will find glucose in the urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Diabetes Insipidus?

A

a problem with decreased ADH retention and therefore fluid is not retained in collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Addison’s Disease?

A

Decreased cortisol production

can be autoimmune

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the symptoms of Addison’s Disease?

A

weight loss, dizziness due to low BP, muscular pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the layers of the Gut?

A

Mucosa

Submucosa

Muscularis

Serosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what layers does the mucosa contain?

A

epithelium

lamina propria

muscularis mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What layers does the submucosa contain?

A

glands, vessels, submucosal plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What can we find in the muscularis layer?

A

inner circular layer

myenteric plexus

outer lingitudinal layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how is the tissue found in the mucosa of the esophagus?

A

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what cell does the submucosa of the esophagus contain?

A

mucous glands with ducts that empty onto the luminal surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the muscle tissue found in the different portions of the muscularis layer of the esophagus? What is the importance of this transition of muscles?

A

Upper part = Skeletal muscle

Middle part = Skeletal and smooth muscle

Lower part = Smooth muscle

its important for swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is this?

A

esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where are the mucous glands of the stomach found? What do these mucous glands do?

A

in the cardia and pyloris, they secrete mucous to protect from acid of stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do we find in the fundus of the stomach?

A

digestive glands (pepsinogen and HCL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does the pyloris secrete?

A

gastrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is gastrin?

A

enhances gastric contraction and secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What kind of glands are these and what are the cells that compose them?

A

Gastric glands

Parietal and Chief cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do parietal cells produce?

A

HCL and intrinsic factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What organelle is largely found in parietal cells? And why do Parietals cells stain eosinophillic?

A

mitochondria

because of the many mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does intrinsic factor do?

A

its required for Vitamin B12 absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What can lack of intrinsic factor cause?

A

Megaloblastic anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What do chief cells secrete?

A

pepsinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What do chief cell stain?

A

basophillic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the cells of the stomach?

A

mucous, parietal, chief, enteroendocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are the cells of the small intestine?

A

paneth cells, enteroendocrine, goblet cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What do paneth cells do?

A

secrete lysozyme to prevent accumulation of bacteria in crypt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the cells of the large intestine?

A

enteroendocrine, obsorptive, goblet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Where is this?

A

duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does the tissue of the duodenum have?

A

villi and crypts

Brunner’s glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are these cells? What part of the intestine has these cells?

A

Peyer’s Patches - Ilium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What cells overlay Peyer’s Patches?

A

M Cells (microfold)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are M cells?

A

they endocytose antigens and transport them to lymphocytes and macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What happens in the colon?

A

water absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Where is this?

A

Colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Where is this?

A

Liver

42
Q

What is produced in the liver?

A

albumin and fibrinogen

43
Q

What is stored in the liver?

A

Vitamins: A,D,B12

Glycogen

44
Q

What hormones are secreted by the liver?

A

angiotensininogen

thrombopoietin

45
Q

What is secreted by the liver?

A

bile

46
Q

What does the liver do?

A

detox the blood

47
Q

What does bile do?

A

emulsify fats

48
Q

how is bile stored in gallbladder?

A

cholic acid is synthesized from cholesterol and amino acids, deprotonated becomin bile salts secreted into canaliculi draining into bile duct and stored into gallbladder….

..that it…

49
Q

How does the Classic Hepatic Lobule drain?

A

drains blood from portal vein and hepatic artery to central vein

50
Q

How does the portal lobule drain?

A

drains bile form the hepatocyte to the bile duct

51
Q

How does the portal acinus drain?

A

supplies O2 blood to hepatocytes

diagram goes from Zone 3 to Zone 1 (least oxigenated to most oxigenated)

52
Q

What is Fatty Liver Disease?

A

triglycerides accumulate in liver cells leading to hepatitis (steatohepatitis)

53
Q

Is this fatty or normal liver?

A

Normal Liver

54
Q

Is this Fatty or Normal Liver?

A

Fatty Liver

55
Q

What is this?

A

Centrilobular Necrosis of Liver

56
Q

What is Centrilobular Necrosis of the Liver?

A

Is critically low oxigenation of zone 3 of the liver, usually de to Congestive Heart Failure

57
Q

What is this?

A

Cirrhosis

58
Q

What is Cirrhosis?

A

replacement of liver tissue by fibrosis and scar tissue which are non-functional tissues

59
Q

What causes cirrhosis?

A

alcoholism, hepatitis B and C, and fatty liver disease,

60
Q

Liver cancer divides in two types?

A

primary: comes from the liver itself/hepatitis and cirrhosis
secondary: spreads to the liver via hepatic portal venous system

61
Q

What is the endocrine part of the pancreas?

A

Langerhans islets

62
Q

What is the exocrine part of the pancreas?

A

centroacinar cells

63
Q

What are cells found in islet of Langerhans?

A

alpha cells - produce glucagon

beta cells - produce insulin

PP cells - produce pancreatic polypeptide

G cells - manufacture gastrin

delta cells - manufacture somatostatin

64
Q

What two cells do we find in the exocrine pancreas?

A

centroacinar cells - bicarbonate buffer

acinar cells -pancreatic amylase, lipase, elastase and trypsin inhibitor (protects cells from intracellular activation of trypsin)

65
Q

What causes the pancreas to release its enzymes?

A

cholecystokinin

acetylcholine (postganglionic parasympathetic)

66
Q

What causes centroacinar cells to release bicarbonate buffer?

A

secretin

67
Q

What organ is this? What are the darker tissues? What is the central pink tissue?

A

Pancreas

serous acinar (exocrine part)

islet of Langerhans (endocrine part)

68
Q
A
69
Q

What does insulin help do?

A

take up glucose or store it

70
Q

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

What is Diabetes Mellitus Type 1?

What is Diabetes Mellitus Type 2?

What is Diabetes Mellitus Type 3?

A

increased blood glucose

type1 = little insulin

type 2 = inactive insulin receptors

type 3 = lack of insulin receptors in the brain

71
Q

What does Glucagon do?

A

Increases blood glucose levels through gluconeogenesis

72
Q

What does Somatostatin do?

A

inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion

73
Q

What does Gastrin do?

A

promotes stomach motility and secretion

74
Q

What is the function of the Spleen?

A
  1. Filters blood
  2. Removes antigens
  3. Destroys senescent RBC’s
  4. Produces T and B lymphocytes
  5. Stores RBCs
  6. Recovers and stores iron
75
Q

Explain the Splenic Circulation.

A
76
Q

What do we find in the PALS of the Spleen?

A

T cells

77
Q

What do we find in the Marginal Zone of the Spleen?

A

B Cells

78
Q

What do we find in the Marginal zone sinuses of the Spleen?

A

Macrophages

79
Q

What is the function of the kidney?

A
  1. Filtration of Blood
  2. Waste removal and storage–Urine
  3. Last stage of Vitamin D activation
  4. Acid-Base Balance
  5. Regulation of fluid volume, blood pressure
  6. Hormone Production:
  • Erythropoietin
  • Renin
  • Calcitriol (Vitamin D)
80
Q

What happens in the proximal tubule?

A

microvilli reabsorb glucose, sodium, amino acids

81
Q

What happens in the distal tubule?

A

under the influence of aldosterone removes remaining sodium, replaces with potassium

82
Q

What happens in the Descending limb?

A

permeable to water which leaves concentrating urine

83
Q

What happens in the thich ascending limb?

A

impermeable to water pumps chloride and sodium out

84
Q

What happens in the Collecting duct?

A

under the influence of ADH becomes water permeable, water and urea leave, protons added to acidify urine

85
Q

What epithelium do we find in distal and proximal convoluted tubules?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

86
Q

What is the difference between proximal and distal convoluted tubules?

A

proximal are filled with microvilli

87
Q

What epithelium are the thin loops?

A

simple squamous

88
Q

What epithelium are the thick loops?

A

simple cuboidal

89
Q

What epithelium is the collecting duct?

A

simple cuboidal-columnar

90
Q

Where do we find the proximal and distal convoluted tubules? Where do we find the glomerulus?

A

in the cortex

also in the cortex

91
Q

Where do we find the thin, thick loops and the collecting duct?

A

in the medulla

92
Q

What is this?

A

The Cortex

93
Q

Where is this?

A

the medulla

94
Q

Explain the Renin-Angiotensin Cascade

A

When the kidney senses a drop in BP it tells the juxtaglomerular cells to secrete Renin.

Renin goes to the liver so that it may secrete Angiotensin 1.

Angiotensin 1 goes to the lungs and Angiotensin Converting Enzymes convert Angiotensin 1 to Angiotensin 2.

Angiotensin 2 goes to the zona glomerulosa in the adrenal glands and have them secrete Aldosterone, increasing BP

95
Q

What do the juxtaglomerular cells secrete?

A

Renin

96
Q

What does the juxtaglomerular appartus consist of?

A
  1. macula densa of the distal tubule
  2. juxtaglomerular cells of the adjacent afferent
  3. glomerular arteriole
97
Q

What are juxtaglomerular cells?

A

modified smooth muscle cells in the tunica media of afferent glomerular arterioles

98
Q

What epithelium can we find in the ureter, bladders, calyces and renal pelvis ?

A

transitional epithelium

99
Q

What epithelium is found in this photo?

A

transitional

100
Q

What are the layers of the Supra-adrenal cortex? What are their functions?

A

Zona Glomerulosa:

  • when stimulated by angiotensin II and ACTH, synthesize and release the hormones aldosterone and deoxycorticosterone.

Zona Fasciculata:

  • when stimulated by ACTH, synthesize and release the hormones cortisol and corticosterone

Zona Reticularis:

  • when stimulated by ACTH, synthesize and release dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, and some glucocorticoids.
101
Q

What is the origin of the supra-adrenal glands?

A

neural crest cells

Undeleted (35 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions