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Blood part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of Leukocytes?

A
  1. granular
  2. agranular
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2
Q

Which are the granular leukocytes?

A

neutrophils

eosinophils

basophils

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3
Q

Which are the agranular leukocytes?

A

monocytes

lymphocytes

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4
Q

When is the nucleus of neutrophils more segmented?

A

in aged neutrophils

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5
Q

how long do neutrophils live?

A

2-4 days

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6
Q

What is this cell?

A

Neutrophil

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7
Q

What is this cell?

A

Neutrophils

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8
Q

When do we release many neutrophils?

A

in acute infections

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9
Q

What are these cells?

A

Neutrophils

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10
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

When white Blood Cells leave the vasculature and enter the interstitial space when bacteria are present.

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11
Q

How do cells do diapedesis?

A

cells secrete L-selectin, that binds to endothelial cells receptor causing cells to roll and slow down

cells use integrins to bind glycoproteins on endothelial cells to become stationary

cells squeeze through gaps in the endothelium

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12
Q

Neutrophils have 2 types of granules?

A
  1. Azurophilic
  2. Specific
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13
Q

What do Azurophilic granules contain?

A

myeloperoxidase

elastase

lysozyme

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14
Q

What do specific granules contain?

A

anti-microbial peptides

collagenases: help squeee through CT/Endthelium

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15
Q

What s this?

A

Neutrophil

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16
Q

How is the nucleus of Eosinophils?

A

bilobed

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17
Q

When are eosinophils released?

A

when there is allergic reactions or parasites

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18
Q

how long do eosinophils live?

A

1 month

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19
Q

What is the one on top and the one on the bottom

A

respectively: neutrophil and eosinophil

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20
Q

What is this?

A

Esosinophil

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21
Q

What is this?

A

Eosinophil

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22
Q

What cell is this? What are the black lines pointing to?

A

Eosinophil and the lines point to its granules

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23
Q

What do eosinophilic granules have?

A

they contain hydrolytic enzymes

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24
Q

How much do Basophils make up of leukocytes?

A

0.5-1%

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25
What is a distinguishible aspect of these cells?
They have BIG, Basophilic Granules
26
What do Basophils do?
they are involved in inflammation
27
What do Basophils release?
Histamine, Heparin
28
What do Basophils stimulate vasculature to do?
To vasodilate and increase permeability
29
Identify these cells
Left: neutrophil Right up: neutrophil Right down: basophil
30
What is this?
Basophil
31
How much do Monocytes make up of Leukocytes?
3-8% of white blood cells
32
What organelle does a Monocyte contain a lot of in the cytoplasm?
Lysosomes
33
What do Monocytes do?
they phagocytose and present antigen to T cells They are antigen-presenting-cells
34
What cell is this?
Monocyte
35
What cell is this?
Monocyte
36
What cell is this?
Monocyte
37
How much do Lymphocytes make up of Leukocytes?
20-30%
38
How do lymphocytes look under the microscope?
Round nucleus, round cell, thin rim of cytoplasm.
39
How do you indentify T and B cells?
Immunocytochemical staining for surface receptors
40
What are the 4 types of T cells?
Cytotoxic, Helper, Memory, Suppressor T Cells
41
What do Cytotoxic cells do?
recognize and kill with Perforin
42
What is another name for Cytotoxic cells?
CD8
43
What is another name for Helper cells?
CD4
44
What do helper cells do?
secrete lymphokines to assist B Cells, cytotoxic T cells
45
What do memory cells do?
they increase the response towards an antigen when it attacks a second time
46
What do Suppressor cells do?
they modulate other T and B cells
47
What do B cells do when stimulated?
They proliferate and differentiate into more B cells or plama cells that secrete anti-bodies
48
What do B cells do?
they can create memory of antigen for a faster immunological response in future attacks.
49
What is this?
Lymphocyte
50
What cell is this?
Lymphocyte
51
What cell is this?
Lymphocyte
52
What cells are responsible for attacking virus or cancer cells and rejecting transplanted tissue?
CD8
53
What cells stimulate B cells to proliferate and make more T cells?
CD 4
54
What does Interleukin-1 do?
Stimulates T Cells
55
Who produces Interleukin-1?
Macrophages
56
Who produces Interleukin-2?
T Cells
57
What does Interleukin-2 do?
Stimulates T cells
58
What Stimulates B cells?
Interleukin-4
59
Who produces Interleukin-4?
T cells
60
What are the 4 types of Leukemia?
Can be Acute (Immature cells) or Chronic (Mature cells), and Lymphocytic or Myelogenous 1. Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia 2. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia 3. Acute Myelogenous Leukemia 4. Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
61
How is Chronic Myelogenous Leukeia treated?
With Imatinib for 5 year survival of 90%
62
What disease is this?
Lymphocytic Leukimea
63
What is Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia?
* Most common type of leukemia in young children * affects adults especially over 65
64
How do you treat Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia?
Chemotherapy and Radiation
65
What is Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia?
* Affects adults over the age of 55 * Never affects children * Causes enlargement of spleen, lymph nodes, liver
66
What disease is this?
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
67
What disease is this?
Myelogenous Leukemia
68
What is Acute Myelogenous Leukemia?
* More common in adults than children * More common in men than women * 5 year survival 40%
69
How is Acute Myelogenous Leukemia is treated?
Chemotherapy
70
What is another name for Platelets?
Thrombocytes
71
What are platelets?
membrane bound particles whose membrane is covered with glycoproteins
72
True or False Thrombocytes can contract?
True, they can contract due to Actin and Myosin presence
73
True or False Platelets do not have granulomeres but do have hyalomeres.
False, they have both
74
What color does the grannulomere of platelets stain?
Purple
75
What color does the hyalomere of platelets stain?
light blue
76
What is this? What is indicated by the two lines?
Platelet and the superior line is the hyalomere and the lower line is the granulomere
77
What is this?
Thrombocyte
78
When do platelets activate?
when they encounter a damaged blood vessel
79
What happens when platelets get activated?
they secrete chemical mediator like serotonin making the blood clot
80
what do the chemical mediators secreted by the platelets do?
they convert soluble fibrinogen to fibrin, which makes a mesh trapping red and white blood cells forming a plug
81
What forms the mesh or white lines on top of the RBC's?
Fibrin
82
What does the clotting cascade of platelets lead to?
fibrin formation and the meshwork
83
What causes Agglutination of Platelets?
the plug is formed when platelets sense secretion of Ca+ and ADP
84
When healing, what causes the clot removal?
cleavage of Plasmin from Plasminogen by P-activators of endothelial cells
85
When do you have thrombocytosis?
When platelet count is over 750,000
86
What are the symptoms of Reactive Thrombocytosis?
* Hyposplenism - decreased breakdown of RBC's in spleen * iron deficiency * hemorrhage
87
How is Hemophilia passed?
sex linked heredity
88
What is Hemophilia?
when individual is missing coagulation factors preventing fibrin to form clots
89
What is Thrombophilia?
disease that causes Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism
90
How do you get Thrombophilia?
It is congenital or acquired

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