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Undeleted > Blood part 2 > Flashcards

Blood part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of Leukocytes?

A
  1. granular
  2. agranular
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2
Q

Which are the granular leukocytes?

A

neutrophils

eosinophils

basophils

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3
Q

Which are the agranular leukocytes?

A

monocytes

lymphocytes

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4
Q

When is the nucleus of neutrophils more segmented?

A

in aged neutrophils

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5
Q

how long do neutrophils live?

A

2-4 days

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6
Q

What is this cell?

A

Neutrophil

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7
Q

What is this cell?

A

Neutrophils

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8
Q

When do we release many neutrophils?

A

in acute infections

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9
Q

What are these cells?

A

Neutrophils

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10
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

When white Blood Cells leave the vasculature and enter the interstitial space when bacteria are present.

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11
Q

How do cells do diapedesis?

A

cells secrete L-selectin, that binds to endothelial cells receptor causing cells to roll and slow down

cells use integrins to bind glycoproteins on endothelial cells to become stationary

cells squeeze through gaps in the endothelium

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12
Q

Neutrophils have 2 types of granules?

A
  1. Azurophilic
  2. Specific
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13
Q

What do Azurophilic granules contain?

A

myeloperoxidase

elastase

lysozyme

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14
Q

What do specific granules contain?

A

anti-microbial peptides

collagenases: help squeee through CT/Endthelium

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15
Q

What s this?

A

Neutrophil

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16
Q

How is the nucleus of Eosinophils?

A

bilobed

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17
Q

When are eosinophils released?

A

when there is allergic reactions or parasites

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18
Q

how long do eosinophils live?

A

1 month

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19
Q

What is the one on top and the one on the bottom

A

respectively: neutrophil and eosinophil

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20
Q

What is this?

A

Esosinophil

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21
Q

What is this?

A

Eosinophil

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22
Q

What cell is this? What are the black lines pointing to?

A

Eosinophil and the lines point to its granules

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23
Q

What do eosinophilic granules have?

A

they contain hydrolytic enzymes

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24
Q

How much do Basophils make up of leukocytes?

A

0.5-1%

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25
Q

What is a distinguishible aspect of these cells?

A

They have BIG, Basophilic Granules

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26
Q

What do Basophils do?

A

they are involved in inflammation

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27
Q

What do Basophils release?

A

Histamine, Heparin

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28
Q

What do Basophils stimulate vasculature to do?

A

To vasodilate and increase permeability

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29
Q

Identify these cells

A

Left: neutrophil

Right up: neutrophil

Right down: basophil

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30
Q

What is this?

A

Basophil

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31
Q

How much do Monocytes make up of Leukocytes?

A

3-8% of white blood cells

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32
Q

What organelle does a Monocyte contain a lot of in the cytoplasm?

A

Lysosomes

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33
Q

What do Monocytes do?

A

they phagocytose and present antigen to T cells

They are antigen-presenting-cells

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34
Q

What cell is this?

A

Monocyte

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35
Q

What cell is this?

A

Monocyte

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36
Q

What cell is this?

A

Monocyte

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37
Q

How much do Lymphocytes make up of Leukocytes?

A

20-30%

38
Q

How do lymphocytes look under the microscope?

A

Round nucleus, round cell, thin rim of cytoplasm.

39
Q

How do you indentify T and B cells?

A

Immunocytochemical staining for surface receptors

40
Q

What are the 4 types of T cells?

A

Cytotoxic, Helper, Memory, Suppressor T Cells

41
Q

What do Cytotoxic cells do?

A

recognize and kill with Perforin

42
Q

What is another name for Cytotoxic cells?

A

CD8

43
Q

What is another name for Helper cells?

A

CD4

44
Q

What do helper cells do?

A

secrete lymphokines to assist B Cells, cytotoxic T cells

45
Q

What do memory cells do?

A

they increase the response towards an antigen when it attacks a second time

46
Q

What do Suppressor cells do?

A

they modulate other T and B cells

47
Q

What do B cells do when stimulated?

A

They proliferate and differentiate into more B cells or plama cells that secrete anti-bodies

48
Q

What do B cells do?

A

they can create memory of antigen for a faster immunological response in future attacks.

49
Q

What is this?

A

Lymphocyte

50
Q

What cell is this?

A

Lymphocyte

51
Q

What cell is this?

A

Lymphocyte

52
Q

What cells are responsible for attacking virus or cancer cells and rejecting transplanted tissue?

A

CD8

53
Q

What cells stimulate B cells to proliferate and make more T cells?

A

CD 4

54
Q

What does Interleukin-1 do?

A

Stimulates T Cells

55
Q

Who produces Interleukin-1?

A

Macrophages

56
Q

Who produces Interleukin-2?

A

T Cells

57
Q

What does Interleukin-2 do?

A

Stimulates T cells

58
Q

What Stimulates B cells?

A

Interleukin-4

59
Q

Who produces Interleukin-4?

A

T cells

60
Q

What are the 4 types of Leukemia?

A

Can be Acute (Immature cells) or Chronic (Mature cells), and Lymphocytic or Myelogenous

  1. Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
  2. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
  3. Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
  4. Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
61
Q

How is Chronic Myelogenous Leukeia treated?

A

With Imatinib for 5 year survival of 90%

62
Q

What disease is this?

A

Lymphocytic Leukimea

63
Q

What is Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia?

A
  • Most common type of leukemia in young children
  • affects adults especially over 65
64
Q

How do you treat Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia?

A

Chemotherapy and Radiation

65
Q

What is Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia?

A
  • Affects adults over the age of 55
  • Never affects children
  • Causes enlargement of spleen, lymph nodes, liver
66
Q

What disease is this?

A

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

67
Q

What disease is this?

A

Myelogenous Leukemia

68
Q

What is Acute Myelogenous Leukemia?

A
  • More common in adults than children
  • More common in men than women
  • 5 year survival 40%
69
Q

How is Acute Myelogenous Leukemia is treated?

A

Chemotherapy

70
Q

What is another name for Platelets?

A

Thrombocytes

71
Q

What are platelets?

A

membrane bound particles whose membrane is covered with glycoproteins

72
Q

True or False

Thrombocytes can contract?

A

True, they can contract due to Actin and Myosin presence

73
Q

True or False

Platelets do not have granulomeres but do have hyalomeres.

A

False, they have both

74
Q

What color does the grannulomere of platelets stain?

A

Purple

75
Q

What color does the hyalomere of platelets stain?

A

light blue

76
Q

What is this? What is indicated by the two lines?

A

Platelet and the superior line is the hyalomere and the lower line is the granulomere

77
Q

What is this?

A

Thrombocyte

78
Q

When do platelets activate?

A

when they encounter a damaged blood vessel

79
Q

What happens when platelets get activated?

A

they secrete chemical mediator like serotonin making the blood clot

80
Q

what do the chemical mediators secreted by the platelets do?

A

they convert soluble fibrinogen to fibrin, which makes a mesh trapping red and white blood cells forming a plug

81
Q

What forms the mesh or white lines on top of the RBC’s?

A

Fibrin

82
Q

What does the clotting cascade of platelets lead to?

A

fibrin formation and the meshwork

83
Q

What causes Agglutination of Platelets?

A

the plug is formed when platelets sense secretion of Ca+ and ADP

84
Q

When healing, what causes the clot removal?

A

cleavage of Plasmin from Plasminogen by P-activators of endothelial cells

85
Q

When do you have thrombocytosis?

A

When platelet count is over 750,000

86
Q

What are the symptoms of Reactive Thrombocytosis?

A
  • Hyposplenism - decreased breakdown of RBC’s in spleen
  • iron deficiency
  • hemorrhage
87
Q

How is Hemophilia passed?

A

sex linked heredity

88
Q

What is Hemophilia?

A

when individual is missing coagulation factors preventing fibrin to form clots

89
Q

What is Thrombophilia?

A

disease that causes Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism

90
Q

How do you get Thrombophilia?

A

It is congenital or acquired

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