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MBBCh 2- ANAT2020A > The Skull > Flashcards

The Skull Flashcards

1
Q

The Skull

  • Composed of ___ bones
A

22

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2
Q

Neurocranium: (4)

A

o bony case of the brain and cranial meninges
o made of 8 bones
o 4 singular bones centred on the midline

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3
Q

What are the 4 singular bones centred on the midline on the neurocranium?

A
  • Frontal
  • Ethmoid
  • Sphenoid
  • Occipital
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4
Q

What are the 2 sets of bones occurring bilaterally on the neurocranium?

A
  • Temporal
  • Parietal
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5
Q

Viscerocranium: (3)

A

o Makes up the facial skeleton
o Consists of 14 bones
o 2 singular bones centred on the midline

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6
Q

What are the 2 singular bones centred on the midline on the viscerocranium?

A
  • Mandible
  • Vomer
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7
Q

What are the 6 sets of bones occurring bilaterally?

A
  • Maxillae
  • Inferior nasal conchae
  • Zygomatic
  • Palatine
  • Nasal
  • Lacrimal
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8
Q

What are the Cranial Nerves? (15)

A
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9
Q

Right lateral aspect of the skull:

A
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10
Q

CN I:

A

Olfactory

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11
Q

CN II:

A

Optic

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12
Q

CN III:

A

Oculomotor

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13
Q

CN IV:

A

Trochlear

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14
Q

CN V:

A

Trigeminal

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15
Q

CN V1:

A

Ophthalmic branch

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16
Q

CN V2:

A

Maxillary branch

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17
Q

CN V3:

A

Mandibular branch

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18
Q

CN VI:

A

Abducens

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19
Q

CN VII:

A

Facial

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20
Q

CN VIII:

A

Vestibulocochlear

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21
Q

CN IX:

A

Glossopharyngeal

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22
Q

CN X:

A

Vagus

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23
Q

CN XI:

A

Accessory

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24
Q

CN XII:

A

Hypoglossal

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25
Q

What does the frontal bone form?

A

Forms the skeleton of the forehead

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26
Q

What does the frontal bone articulate with? (2)

A
  • Articulates inferiorly with the nasal and zygomatic bones
  • Also articulates with lacrimal, ethmoid and sphenoid bones
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27
Q

Frontal bone:
Supra-orbital foramen -

A

Supra-orbital foramen- passage for supra-orbital nerve and vessels

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28
Q

Frontal bone:
Super-ciliary arch-

A

Super-ciliary arch- prominence deep to the eyebrows

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29
Q

Frontal bone:
Glabella -

A

Glabella- smooth, slightly depressed area between the super-ciliary arches

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30
Q

Frontal bone:
Nasion -

A

Nasion- intersection between frontal and nasal bones

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31
Q

What are the Zygomatic bones? (3)

A
  • Form the prominences of the cheeks
  • Lie on the inferolateral sides of the orbits
  • Rest on the maxillae
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32
Q

Zygomatic bones:
Zygomaticofacial foramen -

A

Zygomaticofacial foramen- pierces lateral aspect of the bone

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33
Q

What do the zygomatic bones articulate with?

A

Articulates with frontal, sphenoid, temporal bones and maxillae

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34
Q

Nasal region:
Piriform aperture-

A

Piriform aperture- pear-shaped anterior nasal opening in the cranium

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35
Q

Nasal region:
Bony nasal septum-

A

Bony nasal septum- made of ethmoid (perpendicular plate) superiorly and vomer inferiorly

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36
Q

Nasal region:
Nasal conchae-

A

Nasal conchae- curved bony plates on the lateral wall of each nasal cavity

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37
Q

Nasal region:
o The inferior nasal _____ is an independent bone
o Middle and superior nasal conchae are part of ______

A

concha
ethmoid

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38
Q

What do the Maxillae do?

A

Form the upper jaw

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39
Q

Maxillae:
Alveolar processes-

A

Alveolar processes- tooth sockets and supporting bone for maxillary teeth

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40
Q

Maxillae:
* Surround most of the ______ aperture
* Form the ______ margins medially
* Broad connection with zygomatic bones ________

A

piriform
infraorbital
laterally

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41
Q

Where are the 2 maxillae?

A
  • The 2 maxillae are united at the intermaxillary suture in the median plane
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42
Q

Maxillae:
Infraorbital foramen-

A

Infraorbital foramen- inferior to each orbit for passage of infraorbital nerve and vessels

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43
Q

Mandible:
__-shaped bone

A

U

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44
Q

Mandible:
* ______- horizontal portion
* _____ - vertical portion

A
  • Body- horizontal portion
  • Ramus- vertical portion
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45
Q

Mandible:
Mental foramina-

A

Mental foramina- inferior to the 2nd premolar teeth for mental nerves and vessels

46
Q

Mandible:
Mental protuberance-

A

Mental protuberance- forms the prominence of the chin inferior to the mandibular symphysis

47
Q

Mandible:
Mandibular symphysis-

A

Mandibular symphysis- union of the halves of the infantile mandible

48
Q

Lateral Aspect of Cranium:
1. External acoustic meatus opening:

A
  • Entrance to the external acoustic meatus leading to the tympanic membrane
49
Q

Lateral Aspect of Cranium:
2. Mastoid process of temporal bone:

A
  • Postero-inferior to the external acoustic meatus opening
50
Q

Lateral Aspect of Cranium:
3. Styloid process of temporal bone: (2)

A
  • Anteromedial to the mastoid process
  • Slender needle-like, pointed projection
51
Q

Lateral Aspect of Cranium:
4. Zygomatic arch:

A
  • Formed by the union of the temporal process of the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone
52
Q

Lateral Aspect of Cranium:
5. Pterion:

A
  • H-shaped formation of sutures that unite the frontal, parietal, sphenoid (greater wing) and temporal bones
53
Q

Occipital Aspect of Cranium:
1. External occipital protuberance: (2)

A
  • Easily palpable in the median plane
  • Inion- a craniometric point defined by the tip of the protuberance
54
Q

Occipital Aspect of Cranium:
2. External occipital crest:

A
  • Descends from the external protuberance toward the foramen magnum
55
Q

Occipital Aspect of Cranium:
3. Superior nuchal line: (2)

A
  • Marks the superior limit of the neck
  • Extends laterally from each side of the occipital protuberance
56
Q

External Surface of Cranial Base:
1. The hard palate: (2)

A
  • Formed anteriorly by the palatal processes of the maxillae
  • Formed posteriorly by the horizontal plates of the palatine bones
57
Q

External Surface of Cranial Base:
2. Posterior nasal spine:

A
  • Projection of the free posterior border of the palatines posteriorly in the median plane
58
Q

External Surface of Cranial Base:
3. Incisive foramen: (2)

A
  • Posterior to the central incisor teeth
  • Depression in the midline of the bony palate into which the incisive canals open
59
Q

External Surface of Cranial Base:
4. Choanae (posterior nasal apertures): (2)

A
  • Superior to the posterior edge of the palate
  • Separated from each other by the vomer
60
Q

External Surface of Cranial Base:
5. Vomer: (2)

A
  • Flat, unpaired bone
  • articulates inferiorly on the midline with the maxillae and the palatines, superiorly with the sphenoid via
    its wings, and antero-superiorly with the ethmoid
61
Q
  1. Sphenoid:
    * irregular unpaired bone with 3 pairs of processes:
A

o Greater wings- have orbital, temporal and infratemporal surfaces
o Lesser wings- originating superior to the greater wings
o Pterygoid processes- consist of lateral and medial pterygoid plates that extend inferiorly on each
side of the sphenoid from the junction of the body and the greater wings

62
Q

What is the shape of the Palatine?

A

L-shaped paired bones making the posterior hard palate

63
Q

How is the Perpendicular plate appressed?

A
  • Perpendicular plate is appressed tightly to the maxilla anteriorly and between the pterygoid plates of sphenoid posteriorly
64
Q

How does the palatine articulate? (VEI)

A

Articulate with vomer, ethmoid and inferior nasal conchae

65
Q

Palatine:
Horizontal plate-

A

Horizontal plate- forms posterior third of the hard palate

66
Q

The palatine has greater and lesser palatine_______.

A

foramina

67
Q

How is the Anterior cranial fossa formed? (2)

A
  • Formed by the frontal bone anteriorly, ethmoid bone in the middle and lesser wings and body of sphenoid posteriorly
  • Frontal bone forms the roof of orbits and supports frontal lobe of the brain
68
Q
  • Ethmoid: (3)
A

o Cribriform plate- sieve-like portion lateral to the root of crista galli and roofs the nasal cavities
o Crista galli- interposed between olfactory bulbs and anchors falx cerebri posteriorly
o Perpendicular plate- forms superior nasal septum and articulates inferiorly with vomer

69
Q

Middle cranial fossa
* Central part composed of:

A

sella turcica of sphenoid (pg. 5 diagram of sphenoid- superior view)

70
Q

What is the middle cranial fossa surrounded by?

A

o Surrounded by anterior and posterior clinoid processes

71
Q

Middle cranial fossa: (3)

A
  • Tuberculum sellae- forms the anterior boundary of the hypophysial fossa
  • Hypophysial fossa- median depression in the body of the sphenoid for the pituitary gland
  • Dorsum sellae- square plate of bone projecting superiorly with posterior clinoid processes
72
Q

How is the middle cranial fossa separated from the anterior cranial fossa?

A
  • Separated from the anterior cranial fossa by the sharp posterior borders of the lesser wings of the
    sphenoid bones that end medially as the anterior clinoid processes
73
Q

Bones forming the lateral parts: (3)

A

o Greater wings of sphenoids
o Squamous parts of temporals laterally
o Petrous parts of temporals posteriorly

74
Q

Separated from the posterior cranial fossa by: (2)

A

o The superior border of the petrous part of temporals laterally
o The dorsum sellae of the sphenoid medially

75
Q

Posterior cranial fossa
* Houses: (3)

A

the cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata

76
Q

Posterior cranial fossa is formed by the ______ ______.

A

Formed by occipital bone

77
Q

Posterior cranial fossa
Dorsum sellae forms:

A

anterior boundary and petrous and mastoid parts of temporals form anterolateral boundaries

78
Q

Posterior cranial fossa
Clivus-

A

Clivus- marked incline from dorsum sellae to foramen magnum

79
Q

Palatine bone: (2)
Foramina/Apertures

A

Greater palatine foramen
Lesser palatine foramen

80
Q

Palatine bone: (2)
Nerves

A

Greater palatine nerve
Lesser palatine nerve

81
Q

Palatine bone: (2)
Vessels

A

Descending palatine a. and v.
lesser palatine a.

82
Q

Maxillae:
Foramina/Apertures

A

Incisive foramen

83
Q

Maxillae:
Nerves

A

Nasopalatine nerve

84
Q

Maxillae:
Vessels

A

Sphenopalatine a. and v.

85
Q

Temporal bone: (2)
Foramina/Apertures

A
  • External acoustic meatus
  • Stylomastoid foramen
86
Q

Temporal bone:
Nerves

A

Facial nerve (CN VII) exits

87
Q

Temporal bone:
Vessels

A

Stylomastoid a.

88
Q

Ethmoid bone (anterior cranial fossa):
Foramina/Apertures

A

Cribriform foramina

89
Q

Ethmoid bone (anterior cranial fossa):
Nerves

A

Olfactory nerve (CN I)

90
Q

Ethmoid bone (anterior cranial fossa):
Vessels

A

Anterior and posterior ethmoidal aa.

91
Q

Sphenoid bone (middle cranial fossa):
Optic canal
Nerves:

A

Optic nerve (CN II)

92
Q

Sphenoid bone (middle cranial fossa)
Optic canal
Vessels:

A

Ophthalmic a.

93
Q

Sphenoid bone (middle cranial fossa)
Superior orbital fissure
Nerves: (4)

A

Oculomotor n. (CN III)
Trochlear n. (CN IV)
Ophthalmic n. (CN V1)
* Lacrimal n.
* Frontal n.
* Nasociliary n.
Abducent n. (CN VI)

94
Q

Sphenoid bone (middle cranial fossa)
Superior orbital fissure
Vessels:

A

Superior ophthalmic v.

95
Q

Sphenoid bone (middle cranial fossa)
Foramen rotundum
Nerves:

A

Maxillary branch of trigeminal n. (CN V2)

96
Q

Sphenoid bone (middle cranial fossa)
Foramen ovale: (2)

A

Mandibular branch of trigeminal n. (CN V3)

Lesser petrosal n.

97
Q

Sphenoid bone (middle cranial fossa)
Foramen spinosum
Nerves:

A

Middle meningeal branch of mandibular n. (CN V3)

98
Q

Sphenoid bone (middle cranial fossa)
Foramen spinosum
Vessels:

A

Middle meningeal a.

99
Q

Sphenoid bone (middle cranial fossa)
Foramen lacerum
(Located between the sphenoid, apex of
petrous temporal and basilar part of occipital)

Nerves: (2)

A

Deep petrosal nerve
Greater petrosal nerve

100
Q

Sphenoid bone (middle cranial fossa)
Foramen lacerum
(Located between the sphenoid, apex of
petrous temporal and basilar part of occipital)

Vessels:

A

Meningeal arterial branches and small
vv.

101
Q

Temporal bone
Carotid canal (middle cranial fossa)
Nerves:

A

Internal carotid sympathetic plexus

101
Q

Temporal bone
Carotid canal (middle cranial fossa)
Nerves:

A

Internal carotid sympathetic plexus

102
Q

Temporal bone
Carotid canal (middle cranial fossa)
Vessels:

A

Internal carotid a.

103
Q

Temporal bone
Internal acoustic meatus
(posterior cranial fossa)

Nerves:

A

Facial n. (CN VII)
Vestibulocochlear n. (CN VIII)

104
Q

Temporal:
Internal acoustic meatus
(posterior cranial fossa)

Vessels:

A

Labyrinthine a. and v.

105
Q

Occipital bone (posterior cranial fossa)
Foramen magnum

Nerves: (2)

A

Medulla oblongata
Accessory n. (CN XI)

106
Q

Occipital bone (posterior cranial fossa)
Foramen magnum

Vessels: (3)

A

Anterior and posterior spinal aa.
Vertebral aa.
Spinal v.

107
Q

Occipital bone (posterior cranial fossa)

Jugular foramen
(Between occipital and petrous temporal)

Nerves: (3)

A

Glossopharyngeal n. (CN IX)
Vagus n. (CN X)
Accessory n. (CN XI)

108
Q

Occipital bone (posterior cranial fossa)

Jugular foramen
(Between occipital and petrous temporal)

Vessels: (3)

A

Internal jugular v.
Inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinuses
Posterior meningeal a.

109
Q

Occipital bone (posterior cranial fossa)

Hypoglossal canal

Nerves:

A

Hypoglossal n. (CN XII)

MBBCh 2- ANAT2020A (60 decks)

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