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mbbch 2- anat2020a > Specialized Connective Tissue: Blood > Flashcards

Specialized Connective Tissue: Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is the composition of blood? (2)

A

o Plasma- an aqueous solution with
proteins
o Cells

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2
Q

What are the types of blood cells? (3)

A
  • Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
  • Leukocytes (white blood cells)
  • Thrombocytes (platelets)
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3
Q

What are the staining types? (4)

A

o Modified Romanovsky-type stain
o Methylene blue (basic dye)
o Azures (basic dye)
o Eosin (acidic dye)

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4
Q

What are the features of thrombocytes? (4)

A
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5
Q

What is the function of thrombocytes? (3)

A

o Surveillance of blood vessels
o Clot formation
o Repair of injured tissue

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6
Q

What are the features of erythrocytes? (8)

A
  • An anucleate, biconcave disc devoid of organelles
  • Derived from proerythroblasts in bone marrow
  • Structure maximizes surface area
  • Diameter of 7.8 μm is used as a histologic ruler
  • Has a lifespan of ~120 days
  • Erythrocytes can fold over themselves to pass freely
    through capillaries
  • Shape is maintained by integral and peripheral membrane proteins
  • Contains haemoglobin
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7
Q

What diseases affected erythrocytes? (2)

A

o Malaria
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Integrity of cytoskeleton is lost and leads to cell death
o Sickle cell anaemia
- Genetic mutation results in the formation of sickle haemoglobin (HbS)
- RBCs become sickle-shaped
- These cells are more rigid and adhere more readily to endothelial surfaces

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8
Q

What is the classification of leukocytes?

A
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9
Q

What are the granulocytes? (3)

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
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10
Q

What are neutrophils? (6)

A
  • Most numerous leukocytes and most common granulocytes
  • 10-12 μm in diameter
  • Has a polymorphonuclear nucleus (multilobed)
  • Barr body present in females
  • Motile cells- extravasate out of blood vessels and into connective tissue
  • Short-lived and inactive in circulation- only activate in connective tissue
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11
Q

What are the neutrophil granules? (3)

A

Granules:
o Azurophilic granules (primary)- lysosomes
o Specific granules (secondary)- enzymes, complement activators, antimicrobial peptides
o Tertiary granules- phosphatases and metalloproteinases

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12
Q

What are the functions of neutrophils? (2)

A

Functions:
o Phagocytosis of bacteria
o Modulation of other immune cells

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13
Q

What are eosinophils? (2)

A
  • Same size as neutrophils
  • Bilobed nucleus
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14
Q

What are the eosinophil granules? (2)

A
  • Granules:
    o Azurophilic granules (primary)- lysosomes
    o Eosinophilic granules- large refractile specific granules
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15
Q

What are the functions of eosinophil granules? (2)

A

Functions:
o Associated with allergic reactions, parasite infections and chronic inflammation
o Phagocytose antigen-antibody complexes

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16
Q

What are basophils? (3)

A
  • Same size as neutrophils
  • Least numerous leukocyte
  • Lobed nucleus is obscured by granules
17
Q

What are basophil granules? (2)

A
  • Granules:
    o Azurophilic granules (primary)- lysosomes
    o Basophilic granules- heparin, histamine, heparan sulfate, leukotrienes, interleukin-4 and -13
18
Q

What are the functions of basophils?

A

(similar to mast cells)
o Involved in hypersensitivity reactions

19
Q

What are the types of agranulocytes? (2)

A
  1. Lymphocytes
  2. Monocytes
20
Q

What are lymphocytes? (3)

A
  • Main functional cells of the immune system
  • Most common agranulocytes
  • Slightly indented spherical nucleus and scant cytoplasm
21
Q

How are lymphocytes divided? (3)

A
  1. Natural Killer cells (innate immune cell)
  2. T cells (long lifespan)
  3. B cells (variable lifespan)
22
Q

What are Natural Killer cells (innate immune cell)? (2)

A
  • 15 μm diameter with kidney-shaped nucleus
  • Release granzymes and perforins to lyse virus infected or cancer cells
23
Q

What are T cells (long lifespan)?

A
  • Differentiate in the thymus and have T cell receptors
24
Q

What are B cells (variable lifespan)? (3)

A
  • Differentiate in bone marrow
  • Involved in producing circulating antibodies
  • Differentiate into plasma cells
25
Q

What are monocytes? (6)

A
  • Precursor of macrophages and osteoclasts
  • 18 μm diameter- largest leukocyte
  • Kidney-shaped nucleus
  • Travel from bone marrow to body tissue where they differentiate
  • Remain in blood for only ~3 days
  • Macrophages phagocytose bacteria/cells/debris and are antigen-presenting

mbbch 2- anat2020a (60 decks)

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