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MBBCh 2- ANAT2020A > Abdomen Week 1 (A) > Flashcards

Abdomen Week 1 (A) Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the abdomen located?

A

▪ Region between thorax and pelvis.

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2
Q

What organs are contained in the abdomen?

A

▪ Contains organs of alimentary and urogenital
systems.

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3
Q

The abdomen is the superior part of the ________cavity.

A

abdominopelvic

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4
Q

▪ Walls of the abdomino(pelvic) cavity:

▪Abdominal muscles and aponeuroses ______
▪ Thoracic diaphragm ______
▪Pelvic muscles _______

A

anteriorly
superiorly
inferiorly

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5
Q

Abdomen overview:

▪ _____ rings form upper and lower borders
▪ _____vertebrae form posterior skeleton
▪ Walls allow for protection and ______

A

Bony
Lumbar
Flexibility

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6
Q

What is the importance of the surface anatomy? (3)

A

▪ Crucial for clinical applications
▪ Organ location
▪ Referred pain

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7
Q

▪Abdominal planes cross _______.

A

landmarks

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8
Q

▪ Subdivide the abdomen into: (2)

A

▪ Quadrants
▪ Regions

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9
Q

▪ Contents related to specific regions and quadrants:

A
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10
Q

What are the planes and landmarks?

A
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11
Q

How are the quadrants of the abdomen formed? (2)

A

▪Median plane + Transumbilical line

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12
Q

What are the quadrants? (4)

A

▪Left Upper Quadrant
▪Right Upper Quadrant
▪Left Lower Quadrant
▪Right Lower Quadrant

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13
Q

Superficial abdominal reflex:(4)

A
  • activation of anterior abdominal muscles; in response to rapid/quick of abdomen skin from lateral —> medial
  • reflex: contraction, protection from incoming injury
  • abdomen’s only protection is muscles
  • reflex vary be decreased visible in obese + women; increased births and elderly
  • find location of sc injury (older days)
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14
Q

What are the contents in the right upper quadrant? (10)

A
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15
Q

What are the contents in the left upper quadrant? (10)

A
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16
Q

What are the right lower quadrant? (10)

A
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17
Q

What are the left lower quadrant? (8)

A
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18
Q

What are the borders of the regions of the abdomen? (3)

A

▪Mid-clavicular linessandgate
▪Sub-costal (or transpyloric) plane
▪Interspinous (or transtubercular) plane

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19
Q

Abdomen Regions:

A

▪Left and right hypochondrium
▪ Epigastric
▪Left and right flank (lumbar/lateral)
▪ Umbilical
▪Left and right inguinal/iliac (groin)
▪ Pubic/hypogastric

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20
Q

Contents in the abdominal regions:

A
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21
Q

Most often used planes: (3)

A
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22
Q

Other planes used: (2)

A
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23
Q

What are the layers of the abdomen? (2)

A

▪Skin
▪Subcutaneous tissue

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24
Q

Superficial fascia (2 layers below umbilicus) : (2)

A

▪Superficial fatty fascia (Camper’s)
▪Deep membranous fascia (Scarpa’s)

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25
Q

What are all the layers of the abdomen? (8)

A
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26
Q

What are the 3 horizontal/flat muscles? (3)

A

▪External oblique
▪Internal oblique
▪ Transversus abdominis

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27
Q

What are 2 vertical/straight muscles? (2)

A

▪Rectus abdominis
▪ Pyramidalis

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28
Q

What are 2 vertical/straight muscles? (2)

A

▪Rectus abdominis
▪ Pyramidalis

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29
Q

External oblique muscles:

Origins:
Insertions:
Innervation:
Actions:
Main Action:

A
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30
Q

What are myofascial trigger points? (5)

A
  • Emotional stress
  • Increased exercise
  • Surgical incision
  • Inflammation
  • Trauma
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31
Q

Internal Oblique Muscles:

Origins:
Insertions:
Innervation:
Actions:
Main Action:

A
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32
Q

TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS Muscle:

Origins:
Insertions:
Innervation:
Actions:
Main Action:

A
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33
Q

RECTUS ABDOMINIS muscle:

Origins:
Insertions:
Innervation:
Actions:
Main Action:

A
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34
Q

Pyramidalis muscle:

Origins:
Insertions:
Innervation:
Actions:
Main Action:

A
35
Q

What is the clinical significance of the pyramidalis muscle? (5)

A

▪ Landmark
▪ C-sections ~sample muscle
▪ Electrophysiology
▪ Sk M stem cells
▪ Various surgeries

36
Q

What is the arcuate line?

A
37
Q

What is the rectus sheath? (5)

A

▪ Formed by 3 flat muscle aponeurosis
▪ Between midclavicular lines
▪ Enclosing rectus
abdominis and pyramidalis
▪ Midline raphe
▪ Linea alba
▪Change in arrangement
▪→“6-pack vs 8-pack”

38
Q

Rectus sheath:

Intramuscular exchange-
Intermuscular exchange-

A
39
Q

What is the internal surface of the abdomen? (5)

A

▪ Covered by transversalis fascia
▪ Extraperitoneal fat ▪Parietal peritoneum
▪ Falciform ligament
▪Ligamentum teres hepatis

40
Q

Internal surface:
▪ Folds: (3)

A

▪Median umbilical fold
▪ Medial umbilical fold -original
▪Lateral umbilical fold→bleed

41
Q

Internal surface:
▪ Folds: (3)

A

▪Median umbilical fold
▪ Medial umbilical fold -original
▪Lateral umbilical fold→bleed

42
Q

▪
Fossae (NB! for hernias): (3)

A

▪ Supravescical fossae
▪Medial inguinal fossae

43
Q

Internal surface:
▪ Fossae (NB! for hernias): (3)

A

▪ Supravescical fossae
▪ Medial inguinal fossae
▪ Lateral inguinal fossae

44
Q

Median umbilical fold: (4)

A
  • from apex of bladder
  • to umbilicus
  • contains median umb. ligament
  • remnant of urecus
    (join foetal bladder to umb)
45
Q

Medial umbilical fold: (2)

A
  • contains medial umb. ligament
  • orgininal umb. arteries close + become this fibrous remnant
46
Q

Lateral umbilical cord:

A

Contain inferior epigastric vessels, therefore if cut via lateral fold = blood

47
Q

Abdominal Regions: (8)

A
48
Q
  • 9 regions used to describe the location of abdominal organs, pains or pathologies
  • Delineated by 4 planes: (2)
A

o 2 sagittal (vertical)
o 2 transverse (horizontal)

49
Q

What are the abdominal planes?

A
50
Q

Mid-inguinal points:

A

Midpoints of the lines joining the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercles on each side

51
Q

Mid-inguinal points:

A

Midpoints of the lines joining the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercles on each side

52
Q

Abdominal Quadrants:
2 planes:

A

o Transumbilical plane
§ Passes through the umbilicus
o Median plane

53
Q

What are the SUPERIOR borders of the anterolateral abdominal wall? (2)

A

o Cartilages of 7th to 10th ribs
o Xiphoid process of sternum

54
Q

What are the INFERIOR borders of the anterolateral abdominal wall? (2)

A

o Inguinalligament
o Superior margins of the anterolateral aspects of the pelvic girdle
- Iliac crests, pubic crests, pubic symphysis

55
Q

What are the muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall? (A + B)

A
56
Q

What are the muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall? (A + B)

A
57
Q
  • 3 paired flat muscles:
A

o External oblique (hands in pockets)
o Internal oblique (hands on tits)
o Transversus abdominis (horizontal fibres)

58
Q
  • 2 paired flat muscles:
A

o Rectus abdominis
o Pyramidalis

59
Q

What are the combined sections of the anterolateral abdominal wall muscles? (5)

A
60
Q

What is the External oblique aponeurosis? (3)

A
  • Begins medially at the midclavicular line and inferiorly at the spino-umbilical line
  • Fibres decussate at the linea alba
  • Most fibres become continuous with tendinous fibres of the contralateral internal oblique muscle
61
Q
  • Most fibres become continuous with tendinous fibres of the contralateral internal oblique muscle
    o The contralateral external and internal oblique muscles together form a digastric muscle since they share a common tendon
    o e.g….
A

o e.g. The right external oblique and left internal oblique work together when flexing and rotating to bring the right shoulder toward the left hip

62
Q

What is the * Inguinal ligament (Poupart ligament)? (4)

A

o Inferior margin of external oblique aponeurosis
o Thickened under-curving fibrous band with a free posterior edge
o Spans between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle
o Continuous with the deep fascia of the thigh inferiorly

63
Q

Where is the lacunar ligament located?

A

o at medial end of inguinal ligament to superior pubic ramus

64
Q

What is the Internal oblique aponeurosis?

A
  • Fibres also become aponeurotic at the midclavicular line
65
Q

What is the Transversus abdominis?

A
  • Aponeurosis forms conjoint tendon with internal oblique
  • Neurovascular plane is superficial to this muscle
66
Q

External oblique

  • Contribution to covering of spermatic cord:
  • Contribution to rectus sheath:
A

External spermatic fascia

Aponeurosis- anterior layer

67
Q

Internal oblique

  • Contribution to covering of spermatic cord:
  • Contribution to rectus sheath:
A

Cremaster muscle & fascia

Aponeurosis- both layers

68
Q

Transversus abdominis

  • Contribution to covering of spermatic cord:
  • Contribution to rectus sheath:
A

No contribution

Aponeurosis- posterior layer

69
Q
  • Transversalis fascia contributes as internal _______ fascia
A

spermatic

70
Q

Rectus abdominis
* Enclosed in the _____ sheath

A

rectus

71
Q

Rectus abdominis:
* Anchored transversely by attachment to the anterior layer of the rectus sheath at 3 tendinous intersections:
o At the level of the _____ process
o Halfway between the xiphoid process and _____
o At the umbilicus

A

xiphoid
umbilicus

72
Q

Rectus abdominis:
* To test action of muscle:

A

o Raise head while lying flat on back with out using arms

73
Q

What are some features of the pyramidalis muscle? (2)

A
  • Variable in size
    o Larger on one side (may be double)
  • Not always present (80% only)
74
Q

What is the rectus sheath?

A
  • Strong, incomplete fibrous compartment of the rectus abdominis and pyramidalis muscles
75
Q

What are the contents of the rectus sheath? (4)

A

o Rectus abdominis and pyramidalis muscles
o Superior and inferior epigastric arteries and veins
o Lymphatic vessels
o Abdominal portions of the anterior rami of spinal nerves T7-T12 (thoraco-abdominal nerves)

76
Q

How is the rectus sheath formed?

A
  • Formed by the decussation and interweaving of the aponeuroses of the flat abdominal muscles
77
Q

Rectus sheath formation
Anterior layer -
Posterior layer -

A

o Anteriorl ayer-external oblique and anterior lamina of internal oblique
o Posteriorlayer-transversus abdominis and posterior lamina of internal oblique

78
Q

Levels of variation:
* Arcuate line: (2)

A

o One third distance from the umbilicus to the pubic crest
o Demarcates transition in composition of posterior layer of rectus sheath

79
Q

o Above arcuate line (superior 3⁄4 of posterior layer):

A

§ Made from aponeuroses of transversus abdominis and posterior lamina of internal oblique

80
Q

o Below arcuate line (inferior 1⁄4 of posterior layer): (2)

A

§ All 3 aponeuroses pass anterior to the rectus abdominis
§ Only the thin transversalis fascia covers the rectus abdominis posteriorly

81
Q
  • Superior to the costal margin
    o Posterior layer is ______
    § Transversus abdominis continues superiorly as ____ _______ internal to costal cartilages
    § Internal oblique attaches to the costal margin
    o Rectus abdominis lies directly on the ______ _____
A

deficient
transversus thoracis
thoracic wall

82
Q

What is the function of the line alba? (5)

A
  • Interlacing fibres of the anterior and posterior layers of the rectus sheath in the anterior median line
  • Separates the bilateral rectus sheaths
  • Narrows inferior to the umbilicus to the width of the pubic symphysis
  • Widens superiorly to the width of the xiphoid process
  • Transmits small vessels and nerves to the skin
83
Q

What is the umbilical ring? (2)

A
  • In the middle of the linea alba beneath the umbilicus
  • All layers of the anterolateral abdominal wall fuse
83
Q

What is the umbilical ring? (2)

A
  • In the middle of the linea alba beneath the umbilicus
  • All layers of the anterolateral abdominal wall fuse

MBBCh 2- ANAT2020A (60 decks)

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