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MBBCh 2- ANAT2020A > Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Divisions of the Nervous System:

A
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2
Q

How are neurons classified?

A
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3
Q

Functional components of the neuron: (4)

A

cell body, axon, dendrites and synaptic junctions

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4
Q

What are Multipolar neurons? (3)

A

o Have 1 axon and 2 or more dendrites
o Direction of impulse is form dendrite to cell body to axon
o Motor neurons and interneurons account for most of the multipolar neurons in the nervous system

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5
Q

What are bipolar neurons? (3)

A

o Have 1 axon and 1 dendrite (very rare)
o Associated with receptors for special senses
o Found in the retina, olfactory mucosa and the ganglia of the vestibulocochlear nerve

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6
Q

What are Pseudounipolar neurons? (4)

A

o Has 1 process that divides into 2 close to the cell body
o After the division- 1 branch extends into the periphery and 1 into the CNS
o Most of these neurons are sensory neurons
o Cell bodies of sensory neurons are in the dorsal root ganglia and cranial nerve sensory ganglia

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7
Q

What are Interneurons? (3)

A

o Modulatory role
o Most are inhibitory (releasing GABA)
o Some are excitatory (releasing glutamate)

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8
Q

What are Motor neurons (efferent)? (2)

A

o found in the anterior (ventral) horn of spinal cord
o Multipolar

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9
Q

What are Sensory neurons (afferent)? (3)

A

o Found in dorsal root of spinal cord
o Pseudounipolar
o Cell bodies clump together with axons on the periphery

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10
Q

What are Cell bodies?

A

o Contains a large, euchromatic nucleus, a prominent nucleolus and cytoplasm

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11
Q

What are Nissl bodies? (3)

A

o Rough ER and free ribosomes clumped together in the cell body
o Make membrane proteins and intracellular proteins
o Extend into dendrites but not into axons

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12
Q

What is the axon hillock?

A

o Region where the axon originates

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13
Q

What is the Neuropil?

A

o All the neuronal processes and processes of glial cells

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14
Q

What is the Ganglion? (2)

A

o Collection of cell bodies outside the CNS
o In the dorsal root ganglia, the cell bodies are clumped together so that the processes are invisible until the periphery of the group of cell bodies

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15
Q

Central vs Peripheral Neurogli:

A
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16
Q

What are Satellite cells? (2)

A
  • Small cuboidal cells forming a layer around neuronal cell bodies of ganglia
  • Only the nuclei are visible in H&E staining
17
Q

What is the function of satellite cells? (2)

A

o They establish and maintain a microenvironment around the neuronal body
o Provide electrical insulation and a pathway for metabolic exchanges

18
Q

What are Schwann cells?

A

In the PNS, Schwann cells produce myelin sheath

19
Q

What are Astrocytes? (2)

A
  • Largest of the neuroglial cells
  • Form a network of cells within the CNS and communicate with neurons
20
Q

What are the functions of astrocytes? (4)

A

o Control of signal propagation and synapse formation
o Maintenance of ionic and transmitter metabolism
o Component of the blood-brain barrier
o Involved in brain repair

21
Q

What are Oligodendrocytes?

A
  • Small cells with rounded, condensed nuclei and unstained cytoplasm
  • Responsible for producing and maintaining myelin in the CNS
  • Processes of one cell wraps around parts of several axons
22
Q

What are Microglia? (4)

A
  • Have short irregular processes and rod-shaped nuclei
  • Evenly distributed throughout the white and grey matter
  • Capable of migrating
  • Specialized phagocytes- monocyte derived, antigen-presenting cells of the CNS
23
Q

What is the function of Microglia? (2)

A

o Immune effector cell
o Phagocytic

24
Q

What are Ependymal cells? (2)

A
  • Low columnar or cuboidal cells
  • Lines ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord
25
Q

What are the functions of ependymal cells?

A

o CSF production and secretion

26
Q

Surface specializations of ependymal cells: (2)

A

o Cilia- facilitates movement of CSF
o Microvilli- for absorption

27
Q

What are Peripheral Nerves?

A
  • A bundle of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue
  • Nerve fiber- an axon
28
Q

Connective tissue of peripheral nerves: (3)

A
  • Endoneurium
  • Perineurium
  • Epineurium
29
Q

What is the endoneurium?

A
  • Loose connective tissue surrounding each individual
    nerve fibre
30
Q

What is the perineurium?

A
  • Specialized connective tissue surrounding each nerve
    fascicle and contributes to the blood-nerve barrier
  • Has no immune cells
31
Q

What is the epineurium?

A
  • Dense irregular connective tissue surrounding the
    peripheral nerve and fills the spaces between fascicles
32
Q

What is grey matter?

A
  • Gray matter- neuronal cell bodies and their dendrites
33
Q

What is the ventral horn?

A

o Cell bodies of motor neurons that innervate striated muscle

MBBCh 2- ANAT2020A (60 decks)

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