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MBBCh 2- ANAT2020A > Abdomen Week 2 (A) > Flashcards

Abdomen Week 2 (A) Flashcards

1
Q

Abdominal viscera:

  • Constitute majority of _______ system
A

alimentary

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2
Q

Abdominal viscera:

  • Include: (9)
A
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3
Q

How long is the oesophagus? (2)

A
  • ≈ 25 cm long muscular tube between pharynx & stomach
  • Average diameter of 2 cm
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4
Q

What are the muscles of the oesophagus? (2)

A
  • internal circular
  • external longitudinal
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5
Q
  • External layer of superior 1⁄3 is voluntary ____ _____, inferior 1⁄3 is smooth muscle, & middle 1⁄3 is _______
A

striated muscle
transitional

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6
Q

Oesophagus

  • Origin:
A

pharyngoesophageal junction = lower border of cricoid cartilage (C6)

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7
Q

What is the course of the oesophagus? (3)

A
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8
Q

Where does the oesophagus terminate?

A
  • Terminates by entering stomach at cardiac orifice left of midline at level of 7th left costal cartilage & T11
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9
Q

What are the oesophageal constrictions? (3)

A
  1. Cervical constriction
  2. Thoracic (broncho-aortic) constriction
  3. Diaphragmatic constriction
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10
Q
  1. Cervical constriction:
A

pharyngoesophageal junction caused by cricopharyngeus muscle (wraps around beginning of oesophagus on either side of cricoid cartilage) = upper oesophageal sphincter.

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11
Q
  1. Thoracic (broncho-aortic) constriction:
A
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12
Q
  1. Diaphragmatic constriction:
A
  • oesophageal hiatus of diaphragm. (at level oesophagus enters diaphragm)
  • passes through the oesophageal hiatus of the diaphragm, approx. 40cm from the incisor teeth
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13
Q

What is the main function of the Phrenicoesophageal ligament?

A

Connects oesophagus to diaphragm.

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14
Q

Phrenicoesophageal ligament: (3)

A
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15
Q

What is the length of the abdominal oesophagus? (2)

A
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16
Q

What is the abdominal oesophagus? (3)

A
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17
Q

Abdominal oesophagus:

  • Right border continuous =
A

Lesser curvature of stomach

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18
Q

Abdominal oesophagus:

Left border =

A

Cardiac notch

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19
Q

Abdominal oesophagus:

Anterior surface =

A

peritoneum of greater sac

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20
Q

Abdominal oesophagus:

Posterior surface =

A

peritoneum of omental bursa

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21
Q

What is the oesophagogastric junction? (3)

A
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22
Q

Oesophagogastric junction

How is reflux prevented? (2)

A
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23
Q

What is the arterial supply of the oesophagus? (3)

  • Cervical
  • Thoracic
  • Abdominal
A
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24
Q

What is the oesophagus venous drainage? (3)

  • Cervical
  • Thoracic
  • Abdominal
A
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25
Venous drainage - Submucosal veins --->
26
What is the lymphatic drainage of the oesophagus? (3) - Cervical - Thoracic - Abdominal
27
What is the innervation of the oesophagus? Upper:
28
What is the innervation of the oesophagus? Lower: Encircled by - Formed by -
29
What is the stomach? (2)
- Expanded part of GIT between oesophagus & small intestine - Mechanical & chemical processing of food
30
- Enzymatic digestion:
food (bolus) ---> chime  to duodenum
31
Stomach shape:
- Commonly J-shaped - Shape and position varies according to body types, position of diaphragm, contents (can expand), position of the person etc.
32
What is the oesophagus? (3)
33
Parts of the oesophagus: (3)
1. Cervical part 2. Thoracic part 3. Abdominal part
34
1. Cervical part: (3) Oesophagus:
35
2. Thoracic part: (3) Oesophagus:
36
2. Thoracic part: (3)
37
3. Abdominal part: (3) Oesophagus:
38
Sites of constriction of the oesophagus: (3)
1. Cervical constriction (upper oesophageal sphincter) 2. Thoracic (bronchoaortic) constriction 3. Diaphragmatic constriction
39
1. Cervical constriction (upper oesophageal sphincter) = (3)
40
2. Thoracic (bronchoaortic) constriction = (2)
41
3. Diaphragmatic constriction = (2)
42
NB: Awareness of these constrictions is important when * Passing _______ through the oesophagus into the stomach and * Viewing _______ of patients who are experiencing difficulty swallowing
instruments radiographs
43
Course of the oesophagus: (6)
1. Median at its commencement opposite C6 2. Deviates slightly to left until C7 3. Returns to median plane at T5 4. Inclines to left & forward at T7 5. Enters abdomen & sharply deviates to left at T10 6. Joins stomach at T1
44
Neurovasculature and lymphatics: Cervical Arterial supply: Lymphatics: Innervation:
45
Neurovasculature and lymphatics: Thoracic Arterial supply: Lymphatics: Innervation:
46
Neurovasculature and lymphatics: Abdominal Arterial supply: Lymphatics: Innervation:
47
What are the 4 parts of the stomach?
48
Pyloric region of the stomach - funnel shaped region: (4)
49
Pyloric region of the stomach - funnel shaped region: (4)
50
What are the curvatures of the stomach? (2)
51
Stomach - interior - Gastric mucosa is smooth ____-______ (pink in the pyloric part)
reddish-brown
52
Stomach - interior - Mucous layer protects stomach from ____ _____.
Gastric acid
53
Stomach - interior - Contracted mucosa form longitudinal _____ folds or ____
gastric rugae
54
What is the stomach covered by?
- Covered by peritoneum, except small area posterior to cardiac orifice
55
- The two layers of lesser omentum envelope stomach and leave greater curvature as ____ ______
greater omentum
56
Stomach relation anteriorly:
diaphragm, left lobe of liver, anterior abdominal wall
57
Stomach relation posteriorly:
omental bursa and pancreas
58
What is the stomach bed?
59
How is the transverse colon related to the stomach?
59
How is the transverse colon related to the stomach?
60
How is the stomach supplied arterially? (2)
61
How is the stomach supplied arterially? (2)
62
Stomach
63
Stomach venous drainage: - Gastric v’s ---> - Short gastric & left gastro-omental v’s. ---> - Right gastro-omental v. ---> - Prepyloric v. --->
64
Lymphatic drainage of the stomach: Anterior & posterior surfaces ---> Gastric lymph vessels ---> Gastro-omental nodes ---->
65
Stomach - Lymphatic drainage Superior 2/3: - Gastric vessels --> - Fundus and Superior part --->
66
Stomach - Lymphatic drainage Superior 2/3: - Gastric vessels --> - Fundus and Superior part --->
67
Stomach - Lymphatic drainage Inferior 1/3: - Right 2/3 --> - Left 1/3 -->
67
Stomach - Lymphatic drainage Inferior 1/3: - Right 2/3 --> - Left 1/3 -->
68
Stomach - innervation - Anterior vagal trunk: (5)
- Mainly from left vagus nerve (CNX) - Single branch on anterior surface - Hepatic & duodenal branches - Lesser curvature of stomach - Anterior gastric branches
69
Stomach - innervation - Posterior vagal trunk: (6)
- Larger & mainly from right vagus nerve - Posterior surface of oesophagus - Gives of celiac branch, to celiac plexus - Branches to anterior & posterior surfaces - Lesser curvature of stomach - Posterior gastric branches
70
Stomach - innervation - Posterior vagal trunk: (6)
- Larger & mainly from right vagus nerve - Posterior surface of oesophagus - Gives of celiac branch, to celiac plexus - Branches to anterior & posterior surfaces - Lesser curvature of stomach - Posterior gastric branches
71
Stomach innervation: - Sympathetic supply from T6 – T9 passes to celiac plexus via greater ______ _____ - Distributed along ____ & gastro-omental artery
splanchnic nerve gastric
72
What is a hiatus hernia?
Protrusion of stomach into mediastinum via oesophageal hiatus. - Herniation of part of the stomach through the oesophageal hiatus of the diaphragm
73
Factor that contribute to hiatus hernias: (3)
- Common as age - Diaphragm and other muscles weaken - Oesophageal hiatus widens
74
Hiatus hernias May cause ___ and ___ and predispose to reflux of gastric contents
pain and discomfort
75
Sliding hernias -
76
Sliding hernias -
77
Rolling hernias -
78
What is the stomach?
* Most dilated part of the GIT between the oesophagus and small intestine
79
Location of the stomach: (3)
o Epigastric,umbilical and left hypochondriac regions o Dependent on contents and surrounding viscera o Can distend down to hypogastric region
80
What is the shape of the stomach? (4)
o J-shaped o Modified by changes in content and surrounding viscera o In obese-high and transverse o In asthenic-long and narrow
81
What is the capacity of the stomach? (5)
o Varies with age o 30ml at birth o 1Latpuberty o 1.5L in adults o Twice normal capacity in full distension
82
Parts of the stomach: 1. Cardia:
o Surrounds the cardial orifice (superior inlet of stomach)
83
Parts of the stomach: 1. Cardia: o In supine position ,the orifice lies: (3)
84
Parts of the stomach: 2. Fundus: (3)
85
Parts of the stomach: 2. Fundus: o In supine position, the fundus lies: (2)
- Posterior to the left 6th rib - In the plane of the midclavicular line
86
Parts of the stomach: 2. Fundus: o In supine position, the fundus lies: (2)
- Posterior to the left 6th rib - In the plane of the midclavicular line
87
Parts of the stomach: 3. Body:
Largest part
88
Parts of the stomach: 3. Body:
Largest part
89
What is the pyloric?
Funnel shaped outflow region
90
Pyloricantrum:
wider part leading to pyloric canal
91
Pyloric canal:
narrower part
92
Pylorus:
distal sphincter region of the pyloric part
93
Pylorus:
distal sphincter region of the pyloric part
94
In supine position,the pyloric part lies: (2)
§ In the transpyloric plane § About 1.25cm from the midline
95
What is the Transpyloric plane? (2)
96
What is the lesser curvature? (2)
97
What is the greater curvature?
o Forms the longer convex border of the stomach (4-5 times longer)
98
What is the course of the greater curvature? (3)
99
What is the course of the greater curvature? (3)
100
o Covered by peritoneum and gives attachment to _______ ligament and greater omentum
gastrosplenic
101
What lines the interior of the stomach? (3)
102
What lines the interior of the stomach? (3)
103
Anterior relations of the stomach: (4)
104
Posterior relations of the stomach: (6)
105
Arterial supply to stomach:
106
* Right and left gastric anastomose along ______ curvature * Right and left gastro-omental anastomose along ______ curvature
lesser greater
107
Venous drainage of the stomach:
108
Lymphatic drainage of stomach * Superior 2/3: (2)
o Along right and left gastric vessels o To gastric nodes to aortic nodes
109
Lymphatic drainage of stomach * Right 2/3 of inferior 1/3: (2)
o Along gastro omenta lvessels o To pyloric (subpyloric) nodes
110
Lymphatic drainage of stomach * Left 1/3 of greater curvature: (2)
o Along short gastric and splenic vessels o To suprapancreaticoduodenal nodes -----> to aortic nodes
111
Innervation of the stomach: Parasympathetic:
112
Innervation of the stomach: * Sympathetic:
112
Innervation of the stomach: * Sympathetic:
113
What is the function of the small intestines?
- Primary absorption site

MBBCh 2- ANAT2020A (60 decks)

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