The Respiratory System - Pre-Lung Flashcards
What Structures make up the Upper Respiratory System?
- The Nose & Nasal Cavities
- The Paranasal Sinuses
- The Nose
- The Pharynx
What Structures make up the Lower Respiratory System?
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Lungs
What two zones make up the Functional Classification of the Respiratory System?
- Conducting Zone
- Respiratory Zone
What are the Functions of the Conducting Zone?
- Filter Air
- Regulate Temperature
- Moisten Air
- Conduct Air to Lungs
What Structures make up the Conducting Zone of the Respiratory System?
- Paranasal Sinuses
- Nose
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles and Terminal Bronchioles
What is the Function of the Respiratory Zone of the Respiratory System?
- Gas Exchange between Air and Blood
What Structures make up the Respiratory Zone of the Respiratory System?
- Respiratory Bronchioles
- Alveolar Ducts
- Alveolar Sacs
- Alveoli
What is the External Nose?
- Anterior Extension of Nasal Cavities
What Bones make up the External Nose?
- Frontal Bone
- Nasal Bones
- Maxilla
What Cartilages make up the External Nose?
- Nasal Cartilages
- Septal Cartilages
- Alar Cartilages
Describe the Nasal Cavity?
- Two Osseocartilaginous spaces separated by the nasal septum
What are the Boundaries of the Nasal Cavity?
- Superiorly (the roof) - Ethmoid bone
- Inferiorly (the floor) - Formed by the maxillary and palatine bones (the hard palate) which separates the nasal and oral cavities
- Lateral Wall - Carries inferiorly pointing curved bone shelves
- Medial Wall - Formed by the nasal septum
What are the Three Concha of the Nasal Cavity?
- Superior concha
- Middle Concha
- Inferior Concha
What are the passageways that are formed by the Conchae?
- Groove-like passageways that receive the paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal ducts ( the superior, middle, and inferior meatus)
What is the Nasal Septum made of?
- Ethmoid Bone (perpendicular plate)
- Vomer Bone
- Septal Cartilage
What does the superior extension of the Perpendicular plate form?
- The Crista Galli
What are Paranasal Sinuses?
- Air-filled spaces in the skull that are lined with respiratory mucosal membrane and open on the lateral wall of the nasal cavities
Where are the Paranasal Sinuses located?
Contained Within
- Frontal Bone: frontal sinuses (Nasal cavity opening - middle concha)
- Ethmoid Bone: Ethmoidal Sinuses
- Sphenoid Bone: Sphenoidal Sinuses (Nasal Cavity Opening (superior nasal meatus)
- Maxillary Bone: Maxillary Sinus
What is the Function of the Paranasal Sinuses?
- Lighten the Skull
- Humidification
- Thermoregulation
- Resonate Voice
What Nerve provides general sensation of the external nose, nasal cavities, and paranasal sinuses?
- Cranial Nerve V: Trigeminal Nerve
- V1: Opthalamic
- V2: Maxillary
What Nerve innervates smell?
- Cranial Nerve I: Olfactory Nerve
What supplies blood to the External Nose?
- Facial Artery
What supplies blood to the Nasal Cavity and Sinuses?
- Maxillary Branch of External Carotid
What is the Pharynx?
- Muscle tube that acts as conduit for air and food
Where is the Pharynx located?
- Starts at the base of the Skull
- Ends at the Esophagus at CVI vertebra
What is the Pharynx Subdivided into?
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
Where is the Nasopharynx subdivision of the Pharynx located?
- Posterior to the nasal cavity and above the soft palate
What are the important landmarks of the Nasopharynx?
- Pharyngeal Tonsil on the roof
- The Auditory (Eustachian) Tubes on the lateral wall
What do the Auditory (Eustachian) Tubes do?
- Functions to equalize air pressure between middle ears and the pharynx
What innervates the mucosal membrane of the Nasopharynx subdivision of the Pharynx?
- Cranial Nerve V: Trigeminal
- V2: Maxillary
What Nerve Innervates the Intrinsic Muscles of the Nasopharynx subdivision of the Pharynx?
- Cranial Nerve X: Vagus Nerve
What Supplies blood to the Nasopharynx subdivision of the Pharynx?
- The Branches of the External Carotid
Where is the Oropharynx Subdivision of the Pharynx Located?
- Posterior to the oral cavity, extending from the soft palate to the superior border of the epiglottis
What important landmarks are apart of the oropharynx subdivision of the Pharynx?
- the Palatine Tonsils on the lateral walls
- Palatoglossal and Palatopharyngeal folds
What innervates the mucosal membrane of the Oropharynx subdivision of the Pharynx?
- Cranial Nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal
What innervates the intrinsic muscles of the Oropharynx subdivision of the Pharynx?
- Cranial Nerve X: Vagus Nerve
What supplies blood to the oropharynx subdivision of the pharynx?
- Branches of External Carotid
Where is the Laryngopharynx subdivision of the Pharynx located?
- Behind the Larynx, extending from the epiglottis to the beginning of the esophagus
What innervates the Mucosal Membrane of the Laryngopharynx subdivision of the Pharynx?
- Cranial Nerve X: Vagus Nerve
What innervates the intrinsic muscles of the Laryngopharynx Subdivision of the pharynx?
- Cranial Nerve X: Vagus Nerve
Where is the Larynx Located?
- Infront of the CIV-CVI Vertebrae
- Between the Laryngopharynx superiorly and the trachea inferiorly
What is the function of the Larynx?
- Phonation
What is the Larynx Formed by?
- 9 cartilages connected by intrinsic laryngeal muscles, membranes, and ligaments
What are the Unpaired Cartilages?
- Thyroid Cartilage
- Cricoid Cartilage
- Epiglottis Cartilage
What are the Paired Cartilages?
- Arytenoid
- Corniculate
- Cuneiform
What is the Thyroid Cartilage formed by?
- The fusion of two laminae
What does the Thyroid Cartilage form?
- The laryngeal prominence (adam’s apple) anteriorly
What does the Thyrohyoid membrane connect?
- The superior border of the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone
What does the Criocothyroid Membrane Connect?
- The inferior border of the thyroid cartilage to the cricoid cartilage
What do the Laminae of the Cricoid Cartilage articulate with?
- The arytenoid cartilage superiorly
What does the inferior border of the Cricoid Cartilage connect to?
- The first ring of the trachea via the cricotracheal ligament
What does the Epiglottic Cartilage do?
- Acts as a lid to close the entrance of the larynx during swallowing
What two ligaments are stretched between the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages?
- Vestibular Ligaments
- Vocal Ligaments
What are the Vestibular Ligaments?
- False vocal folds (vestibular folds) that do not vibrate during phonation
What are the Vocal Ligaments?
- True vocal folds (or vocal folds) that vibrate during phonation
What are the Laryngeal Spaces?
- Vestibule: the area superior to the vestibular folds
- Infraglottic space: the area inferior to the vocal folds
what does the middle region extension of the larynx form?
- Ventricles
What Innervates the mucosal membrane of the larynx?
- Cranial Nerve X: Vagus Nerve
What supplies blood to the Larynx?
- The Superior Thyroid branch of the external carotid and thyrocervical branch of the subclavian artery
