Nervous System - The Brain

Question 1

What are the 3 main lobes of the Cerebellum?

Answer 1

• The Anterior Lobe
• The Posterior Lobe
• Flocculonodular Lobe

Question 2

What separates the Right and Left Hemisphere of the Cerebellum?

Answer 2

• The Vermis: looks like worm

Question 3

What is on the surface of the Cerebellum?

Answer 3

• Gray Matter
• Folia: grooves
• Primary Fissure: deepest fissure

Question 4

What does the Primary Fissure do?

Answer 4

• Separates the cerebellum into the anterior lobe and posterior lobe

Question 5

What makes up the core of the Cerebellum? What is it called?

Answer 5

• White Matter: named Arbor Vitae (tree of life)

Question 6

What is the Cerebellum involved in?

Answer 6

• Coordination of voluntary movements

- Maintenance of posture and balance

Question 7

What is the Cerebellar Cortex? What is it made of?

Answer 7

• The gray matter on the outside

- Made up of Cell bodies of Neurons

Question 8

What is the Deep Cerebellar Nuclei?

Answer 8

• Grey Matter embedded within the white matter in the cerebellum

Question 9

What are the names of the 3 cerebellar peduncles?

Answer 9

• Superior Cerebellar Peduncles
• Middle Cerebellar Peduncles
• Inferior Cerebellar Peduncles

Question 10

What does the Superior Cerebellar Peduncles do?

Answer 10

• Connects the cerebellum to the red nucleus and the thalamus

Question 11

What do the Middle Cerebellar Peduncles do?

Answer 11

• connects the cerebellum to the pontine nuclei (pons)

Question 12

What do the Cerebellar Peduncles do?

Answer 12

• Carries fibers that travel through the medulla to reach the cerebellum (spinocerebellar tract)

Question 13

What structures of the brain are part of the Diencephalon?

Answer 13

• Thalamus
• The Hypothalamus
• The Epithalamus

Question 14

Describe the structure of the Thalamus (2) and what its function is.

Answer 14

Structure
- Egg-shaped
- Contains a group of nuclei
Functions
- Relay center for all senses except for smell
- Relays them to the cerebral hemisphere

Question 15

Where is the Hypothalamus located in relation to the Thalamus?

Answer 15

• Inferior and Medial

Question 16

What is the function of the Hypothalamus?

Answer 16

• Center of autonomic nervous system

- Regulates major components of the endocrine system through the pituitary glands

Question 17

Where is the Epithalamus in relation to the Thalamus?

Answer 17

• Posterior

Question 18

What does the Epithalamus mainly consist of? What is its purpose?

Answer 18

Consists of
- The pineal gland: Conarium or Ephiphysis Cerebri
Function
- Regulates Circadian Rhythm
- Distribution of pigment melanin in the skin

Question 19

What separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 19

• The Longitudinal Fissure

Question 20

On the Cerebrum, where is Gray Matter and White Matter Located?

Answer 20

• Gray Matter: Cerebral Cortex, outside layer

- White Matter: Deep to the Cerebral Cortex

Question 21

What are the different Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres? What are the main ones?

Answer 21

Main
- Frontal Lobe
- Parietal Lobe
- Temporal Lobe
- Occipital Lobe
Other
- Insular Cortex

Question 22

What is the main Function of the Frontal Lobe?

Answer 22

• Executive functions; motor command generation

Question 23

What is the main Function of the Parietal Lobe?

Answer 23

• Somatosensory area; spatial attention; sensory integration

Question 24

What is the main Function of the Temporal Lobe?

Answer 24

• Primary Auditory Area

Question 25

What is the Main Function of the Occipital Lobe?

Answer 25

- Visual Processing

Question 26

What is the main Feature of the Insula?

Answer 26

- Taste Impluse Processing

Question 27

What are the important some important Landmarks of the Cerebrum? (3) and what do they do?

Answer 27

- Central Sulcus: Separates the Frontal and Parietal Lobes - Lateral Sulcus: Separates the Temporal Lobe from the Frontal and Parietal Lobes - Prieto-occipital Sulus: Separates the Parietal and Occipital Lobes (on medial surface)

Question 28

What is the Deep Nuclei?

Answer 28

- The Basal Nuclei (Ganglia):

Question 29

What are the different Basal Nuclei (Ganglia)?

Answer 29

- The Caudate | - The Lenticular Nucleus: Putamen (lateral part) and Globus Pallidus (medial part)

Question 30

What are the Basal Nuclei (ganglia) Functions?

Answer 30

- Coordination of voluntary movements - Decides to start and stop voluntary movements - Can initiate some thoughts - Can stop some thoughts

Question 31

What happens if the Basal Nuclei (Ganglia) are malfunctioning?

Answer 31

- OCD

Question 32

What does the White Matter in the Brain Consist of?

Answer 32

- Myelinated Fibers of Nerve Bundles

Question 33

What are the 3 Classifications of the myelinated fibers of nerve bundles in the White Matter in the Brain?

Answer 33

- Association Fibers - Commissural Fibers - Projection Fibers

Question 34

Where are Association Fibers Located? What do they do?

Answer 34

Location - the white matter of the brain Function - Joins different parts of the same hemisphere

Question 35

Where are the Commissural Fibers located? What is their function?

Answer 35

Location - white matter in the brain Functions - Connects parts of one hemisphere to the corresponding parts in the other hemisphere

Question 36

Where are the Projection Fibers located? What is their Function?

Answer 36

Location - white matter of the Brain Function - Connects the Cortex to the lower centers of the CNS (ex. internal Capsule: located between the caudate nucleus and the putamen anteriorly and the thalamus and globus pallidus posteriorly)

Question 37

How many cerebral ventricles are there? What are their names?

Answer 37

``` # of Ventricles - 4 Names - Lateral Ventricles (two) - the Third Ventricle - The fourth ventricle ```

Question 38

What connects the Lateral Ventricles to the 3rd Ventricle?

Answer 38

- The Interventricular Foramen

Question 39

What Connects the 3rd Ventricle to the 4th Ventricle?

Answer 39

- The Cerebral Aqueduct

Question 40

What are the three sections of the Lateral Ventricles? Where do they reach to?

Answer 40

- Anterior Horn: Frontal Lobe - Posterior Horn: Occipital Lobe - Inferior Horn: Temporal Lobe

Question 41

What is the source of Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)?

Answer 41

- Blood Plasma

Question 42

What are the openings on the Fourth Ventricle? (3)

Answer 42

- Medial Aperture | - Lateral Aperture (2x)

Question 43

Where does the CSF exit the ventricular system?

Answer 43

- The Apertures in the Fourth Ventricle

Question 44

What is the main function of the cerebral ventricular system?

Answer 44

- Production and circulate of Cerebral Spinal Fluid | - Release of CSF to subarachnoid space

Question 45

What is the Choroid Process? Function?

Answer 45

Choroid Process - Vascular Plexus in the Cerebral Ventricular System Function - Produces Cerebrospinal Fluid

Question 45

What is the Choroid Process? Function?

Answer 45

Choroid Process - Vascular Plexus in the Cerebral Ventricular System Function - Produces Cerebrospinal Fluid

Question 46

What are the 3 Meninges Layers?

Answer 46

- Dura Mater - Arachnoid Mater - Pia Mater

Question 47

What are the distinguishable layers of the Dura Mater in the skull?

Answer 47

- Periosteal Layer | - Meningeal Layer

Question 48

Where is the Periosteal Layer Located?

Answer 48

- Part of the Dura Mater in the skull | - Attached to the inner surface of the skull

Question 49

Where is the Meningeal Layer?

Answer 49

- The dura mater of the skull | - Separates from the periosteal layer and reflects into the cerebral fissures to form the dural reflections

Question 50

What are the ridges on the Cerebral Cortex called?

Answer 50

- The Gyrus

Question 51

What are the grooves between the gyrus called?

Answer 51

- The Sulcus

Question 52

How is the Dura Mater different in the spinal cord, compared to the skull?

Answer 52

Spine - two layers are indistinguishable - Separated from vertebral canal by the epidural space Skull - Peritoneal layer is attached to the skull - Meningeal layer goes into the sulcus of the brain

Question 53

What are the Reflections of the Dura Mater?

Answer 53

- Falx Cerebri - Tentorium Cerebelli - Falx Cerebelli

Question 54

What is the Falx Cerebri? What does it do?

Answer 54

``` Falx Cerebri - Occupies the longitudinal fissure - Reflection of the Dura Mater Function - Separates the Cerebral Hemispheres ```

Question 55

What is the Tentorium Cerebelli? What does it do?

Answer 55

Tentorium Cerebelli - Horizontal Reflection of the Dura Mater Function - Separates the cerebellum and the occipital lobe

Question 56

What is the Falx Cerebelli? What does it do?

Answer 56

``` Falx Cerebelli - Reflection of the Dura Mater - in the cerebellum Function - Separates the Cerebellar hemispheres ```

Question 57

What are the Dural Sinuses? What do they do?

Answer 57

Dural Sinuses - Channels within the dura reflections Functions - They are veins that receive the venous blood of the brain

Question 58

What are Arachnoid Granulations? What do they do?

Answer 58

Arachnoid Granulations - They protrude into the Dural Sinuses - small finger-like projections of the arachnoid mater Functions - They drain cerebrospinal fluid into the sinuses

Question 59

What is the structure of the Arachnoid Mater?

Answer 59

- Thin layer of loose connective tissue | - Separated from the pia matter by the Subarachnoid space

Question 60

What is the structure and function of the Pia Mater?

Answer 60

Pia Mater - Delicate a thin layer of connective tissue - Touch with the surface of the brain and spinal cord Function - Vessels enter the brain from it - Creates the choroid plexus

Question 61

What is the choroid Process