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Bio 400 - History of Biology > The Hereditary Material - MT3 - Part 1 > Flashcards

The Hereditary Material - MT3 - Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the only molecule recognizable from its shape?

A

DNA

- double helix

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2
Q

What lead to the discovery of the structure of DNA?

A

History of the study of the hereditary material

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3
Q

What 2 streams consisted from the DNA?

A
  1. Genetic function

2. Structure of macromolecules

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4
Q

What was the DNA structure very suggestive for?

A

Function

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5
Q

What was the function they proposed from the structure of DNA?

A

Replication

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6
Q

Who discovered DNA?

A

Friedrich Miescher

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7
Q

How did Miescher discover DNA?

A

He isolated nuclei from pus and found a new kinda of molecule called nuclein

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8
Q

Who discovered the shape of DNA?

A

Watson

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9
Q

What does pus have a lot of?

A

RBC

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10
Q

What does DNA have? (2)

A
  1. Both acidic and basic parts
    - but mostly acidic
  2. Lots of phosphorus
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11
Q

What did Miescher suspect was involved in heredity? And why?

A

Thought that nuclein might be involved in heredity because the significance of nuclei in hereditary had been established

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12
Q

What did Miescher think might be hereditary variants?

A

Isomers of nuclein

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13
Q

What did Albrencht Kossel find out?

A

That there are 5 kinds of bases

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14
Q

What are the 5 kinds of bases?

A
  1. Adenine
  2. Guanine
  3. Cytosine
  4. Thymine
  5. Uracil
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15
Q

What did Phoebus Aaron Leven do? (3)

A
  1. Elucidated the structure of nucleotides
  2. Determined the difference between DNA and RNA and their sugars
  3. Proposed the tetranucleotide model of DNA
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16
Q

What did Leven’s analysis suggest?

A

That the 4 bases of DNA were present in equimolar amounts

- in equal numbers

17
Q

What was discovered about Leven’s model?

A

That it was wrong

  • thought it was proteins instead of DNA
  • proteins are not hereditary
18
Q

What did Archibald Garrod study?

A

Alcaptonuria

- soon after the rediscovery of Mendels law

19
Q

What did studying family pedigrees show?

A

That alcaptonuria is inherited as a Mendelian recessive trait

20
Q

Alcaptonuria

A

Is a rare inherited genetic disorder in which the body cannot process the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine, which occur in protein

21
Q

What are alcaptonuria not able to get ride of?

A

Homogentisic acid

22
Q

What happens when homogentistic acid builds up? (2)

A
  1. It is excreted in the urine

2. Turns black upon exposure to air

23
Q

What did Garrod suspect about alcaptonuria?

A

A deficiency in a pathway which lacked enzymatic function since it could not encode for that enzyme

24
Q

What did Garrod conclude?

A

That a normal allele somehow produced an enzyme for the metabolism of homogentisic acid
- the alcaptonuric allele produced a defective or missing enzyme

25
Q

What did Franz Moewus study?

A

The genetics of sexuality in chlamydomonas eugametos

- which is a green unicellular alga

26
Q

What did Moewus associated with Mendelian mutations?

A

With an inability to produce sex hormones, thus associating genes with biochemical functions
- same as Garrod had done

27
Q

What was Moewus accused of?

A

Making up data

28
Q

What were mutations in Neurospora Crassa (a fungus) associated with?

A

Deficiencies in pathways that synthesize amino acids from precursor molecules

29
Q

Mutagenesis

A

Ia a process by which the genetic information of an organism is changed, resulting in mutation

30
Q

How might mutagenesis occur in nature? (2)

A
  1. Spontaneously
  2. As a result of exposure to mutagens
  • can also be achieved in the lab
31
Q

Genetic dissections

A

A major tool of developmental geneticists is the ordering of gene in functional pathways

32
Q

What did George Beadle and Edward Tatum perform?

A

The famous experiment of mutants having deficiencies in certain precursor pathways to synthesize amino acids for later precursor molecules
- one gene = one enzyme (idea)

33
Q

What was the first protein to be studied in structural and functional detail?

A

Hemoglobin (Hb)

- modle molecule

34
Q

Why is Hb a model molecule? (3)

A
  1. Can get a lot of it in pure substance
  2. Easily accessible
  3. Ability to quickly purify
35
Q

What could Pauling and co-workers show?

A

That a disease known to be inherited in simple Mendelian fashion, sickle cell anemia, was associated with a malformed version of a protein, Hb

36
Q

What do mutated proteins have? (3)

A
  1. Different structures
  2. Different functions
  3. Can move at different migration speeds

Bio 400 - History of Biology (33 decks)

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