Evolution Before Darwin - MT3 - Part 2

Question 1

Who is Charles Darwin’s grandfather?

Answer 1

Erasmus Darwin

Question 2

What book did Erasmus Darwin write?

Answer 2

Zoonomia

Question 3

What is some evidence for evolution that Erasmus discovered? (3)

Answer 3

1. Similarities among mammals
   - comparative anatomy
2. Inherited varablility
3. Aniamals must form a natural group
   - common ancestor

Question 4

The case of evolutionary change

Answer 4

The faculty of continuing to improve by its own inherent activity, and of delivering down those improvements by generation to its posterity

• inheritance of characteristics acquired during life
• effort –> results in strengthening –> leads to inherited genetic legacy

Question 5

What did Darwin conclude about warm blooded animals?

Answer 5

That they were descended from one common ancestor

Question 6

Adiaphorism

Answer 6

A christian protestant theological theory that certiain rules and actions were matters of indifference in religion since not forbidden by the scriptures

Question 7

What did Lamarck have? (4)

Answer 7

1. Physical courage
2. Intellectual courage
3. Could think flexibly
4. Could think creatively

Question 8

What was Lamarck?

Answer 8

An accomplished botanist

Question 9

What did Lamarck identify?

Answer 9

Biological keys

Question 10

What did Lamarck invent? (3)

Answer 10

1. Biology
2. Biosphere
3. Invertebrates

Question 11

What were 2 kinds of Lamarck’s invertebrates?

Answer 11

1. Insects

2. Worms

Question 12

What did Linnaean hierarchies suggest?

Answer 12

Relationships

Question 13

What was Linnaean the first to do?

Answer 13

Gather everything and give a case

Question 14

What was Linnaean no the first to do?

Answer 14

Discover the separate strands of biology

Question 15

What does the reality of evolutionary changes mean?

Answer 15

That evolution must occur if life is to survive

- couldnt have static life with the earth cnahging

Question 16

How does evolution solve the problem of extinction?

Answer 16

New species evolve to take the place of vanished ones

- animals evolve to fill in the gaps of extinction

Question 17

What were Lamarck’s 2 cases of evolution?

Answer 17

1. The innate tendency for living things to increase the complexity of their organization and function
2. Use and disuse

Question 18

How does Lamarck think complexity arises?

Answer 18

From fluids sloshing around an organisms, carving out new channels and organs, thus increasing their complexity
- this novel complexity is inherited

Question 19

What does Lamarck think of the use and disuse theory?

Answer 19

If an organ or part is used it increases heritability in size and in strength. If it is not used, it deteriorates and disappears
- also heritably

Question 20

What does heritably lead to?

Answer 20

Branching

Question 21

How did Lamarck try and prove his use and disuse theory?

Answer 21

By cutting off mice’s tails and having them mate so he could see what their offsprings would look like
- expected the tails to get shorter

Question 22

How did Lamarck impede evolutionary work?

Answer 22

Unscientific work

- lack of knowledge on physiology

Question 23

What years are Patrick Matthew?

Answer 23

1790-1874

Question 24

What was Matthew?

Answer 24

He was a well travelled and well rounded Scottish landowner

Question 25

What does Matthew’s book describe? (2)

Answer 25

1. Natural selection

2. Common descent

Question 26

What was Matthew’s analogy of natural selection?

Answer 26

If you are cutting down trees to build ships, you are cutting down the best trees and leaving the worst trees
- harvesting trees were not random

Question 27

Gene pool

Answer 27

The stock of different genes in an interbreading population

Question 28

Why was Robert Chambers an anonymous author?

Answer 28

Because he was undertaking an unpopular idea in science and thought it was better to do it from the side lines
- his name was revealed after his death

Question 29

What does Vestiges argue?

Answer 29

That the evolution of life occurs and that this is part of a general law of development of the universe
- explains history of world is part of a larger process

Question 30

What is Chambers evidence for the reality of evolution? (4)

Answer 30

1. Fossil strata in the stratigraphical column suggests a temporal sequence
2. Comparative anatomy
   - eg) bird wings
3. Comparative embryology
4. Apparent progression from simple to complex within groups of organisms

Question 31

What did Chambers believe?

Answer 31

That new life arose by frequent spontaneous generation events

• after they formed, species evolved by means of variable stopping points in embryological development
• new species remain as embryos longer during development

Question 32

Why was Vestiges of the “Natural History of Creation” full of errors?

Answer 32

Because Chambers was not a scientist