Evolution and Genetics Come Together - MT3

Question 1

What theory was not really testable or could be proven with experiments?

Answer 1

Mbecausehis theory

Question 2

What did Darwin suggest about variants?

Answer 2

That they occur at a high rate

Question 3

What must all new variants be?

Answer 3

Deleterious

- as the appearance of mutants in the lab suggested

Question 4

What did radio activity do to the earth?

Answer 4

It kept it unnaturally warm

Question 5

What does natural selection not have?

Answer 5

Inherited directionality

Question 6

What book did de Vries write?

Answer 6

Mutation Theory

- mutation meant something different to him

Question 7

What did de Vries rediscover?

Answer 7

Mendelian genetics

Question 8

What was de Vries plant?

Answer 8

Oenothera lamarckiana

Question 9

What was de Vries observation about his plant? (3)

Answer 9

1. He found 2 strains of this plant growing in a field outside Amsterdam
2. When he self-pollinated them they produced offspring of different sizes
3. Produced suddenly in a single generation not over a long period of time

Question 10

What did de Vries suggest incorrectly?

Answer 10

New species evolve in single generation jumps called saltationism

Question 11

Saltationism

Answer 11

Is a sudden large mutational change from one generation to the next, potentially causing single step speciation

Question 12

What questions did de Vries mutation theory answer about Darwinism evolution? (5)

Answer 12

1. Swamping of new variants
   - didnt observe any swamping but also no new variants
2. Selection creative
   - natural selection is not the creative aspect
3. Young earth
   - event occurred quickly
4. Fossil in a progressive series
   - thought mutations built on other mutations
5. Gaps in the fossil record
   - no smooth transition

Question 13

What did each mutation leave?

Answer 13

A gap

Question 14

What is the problem with de Vries Oenothera lamarckiana? (2)

Answer 14

1. Not the same in all species
2. Its idiosyncratic as it doesnt necessarily pass on hereditary information like most, therefore his work was not very successful

Question 15

Whats a recent example of saltational evolution?

Answer 15

Richard Goldschmidt
- he believed that microevolution does not lead to macroevolution and that large genetic jumps are needed to explain speciation

Question 16

What is not sufficient to explain speciation?

Answer 16

Small changes

• thought there needed to be a genetic change and not an accumulation of small changes
• called these hopeful monsters

Question 17

What are 2 models of evolution?

Answer 17

1. Orthogenesis

2. Neo-Lamarckism

Question 18

Orthogenesis

Answer 18

Evolutionary lineages have an inherent direction determined by internal drives, not by natural selection

Question 19

What can lineages experience? (3)

Answer 19

1. Growth
2. Development
3. Sensecene

• under the weight of an evolutionary momentum that natural selection cannot reverse

Question 20

What is an example of Orthogenesis?

Answer 20

Irish elk

• went extinct a few thousand years ago because their antlers got too big and couldnt go through the forest
• internal drive

Question 21

Neo-Lamarckism

Answer 21

Revival of the idea of inheritance of acquired characteristics
- experience of parents influence the offsprings characteristics

Question 22

What approach did Hardy and Weinberg take to Mendelian genetics?

Answer 22

A populational approach

- asking how frequencies of Mendelian factors increase or decrease in a population over generational time

Question 23

What did Fisher invent?

Answer 23

Statistics that scientists used

- eg) variance

Question 24

What concept was Wrights?

Answer 24

Genetic drift

Question 25

What book did Mayr write?

Answer 25

Growth of biological thought

Question 26

What was the key to genetics?

Answer 26

Mendelian genetics

Question 27

What were the principles of the new genetics that were sufficient to account for Darwinian evolution? (6)

Answer 27

1. No inheritance of acquired characteristics
2. Mutation
   - any kind of inherited change
3. Persistence of recessive variants
4. Recombination
5. Quantitative traits can be explained by particulate inheritance
6. No blending inheritance at the level of the gene
   - recessive mutatuin

Question 28

What ability do chromosomes have?

Answer 28

Being able to switch arms

• can break off and made in the same place in another place
• this is important because you are putting on new combination of alleles

Question 29

How do genes interact?

Answer 29

In pathways

- not in isolation

Question 30

What is an example of quantitative traits thats explained by particulate inheritance?

Answer 30

You can have different colour skin depending on your number of alleles

Question 31

Genetic drift

Answer 31

Variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population, owing to the chance disappearance of particular gene as individuals die to do not replicate

Question 32

What is the genetic drift a result of?

Answer 32

What happens in small numbers

Question 33

Gene flow

Answer 33

Is a concept in population genetics to refer to the movement of genes or alleles between interbreeding populations of a particular species

Question 34

What can effect the genetic variability within a population?

Answer 34

A gene pool