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Bio 400 - History of Biology > The Ancient World - MT1 - Part 6 > Flashcards

The Ancient World - MT1 - Part 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What shifted with the Romans?

A

Science turned heavily toward encyclopedism and away from independent scientific thought and experiment

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2
Q

What were Romans interested in? (3)

A
  1. Civic duty
  2. Practical subjects
  3. Practiced matters
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3
Q

What was Greek the language of?

A

Intelligent people

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4
Q

What 2 lives did Pliny the Elder live?

A
  1. In the service of Roman Society and the Roman State
    - lawyer, civil adminsitrator, military officer
  2. Service of scholarship
    - historian, encyclopedist
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5
Q

What did Pliny the Elder do?

A

Wrote a 37 vol encyclopedia

- included plenty of solid information and because a standard reference

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6
Q

What did Celsus do?

A

Wrote a large encyclopedia

- only the medicine portions survived

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7
Q

What did Celsus believe?

A

That a surgeon should assist nature

- same as Hippocrates

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8
Q

What is De Medicina?

A

One of the 1st medical books to be printed

- 1478

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9
Q

Who was Galen?

A

The most influential medical writer of all time

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10
Q

Who were the main backdrops to medicine? (3)

A
  1. Galen
  2. Avicenna
  3. Hippocrates
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11
Q

What was Galen early in his career?

A

A surgeon to the gladiatorial school at Pergamon

- good place to learn about traumatic wounds and hygiene

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12
Q

Cupping

A

Involves heating air inside an empty cup ad putting it on the patients skin and cooling it
- this is done to increase blood flow

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13
Q

What was Galen?

A

The most prestigious physician

- he was unpopular with other physicians because he had not earned their respect and was a know it all

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14
Q

What did Galen believe in?

A

One god

  • he had a deep religious sense
  • fiercely opposed atheistic materialism
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15
Q

What was Galen’s view on the human body? (3)

A
  1. Highly teleological
  2. He thought everything in the human body was there for a reason
  3. Thought the human body was perfect
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16
Q

Teleogical

A

The explanation of phenomena by the purpose they serve rather than by postulated causes

17
Q

What did Galen insist on in medical practice?

A

Ethical practice

- believed physicians should scorn money and seek wisdom

18
Q

How did Galen study human anatomy? (5)

A
  1. Anatomical information from Alexandrian anatomists
  2. Dissections of animals
  3. Inspection of patients with severe traumatic wounds
  4. Examination of bones from destroyed tombs
  5. Did a lot of experiments
19
Q

What was the favourite animal for dissection?

A

The barbary ape

20
Q

What did Galen think the voice was controlled by?

A

Laryngeal nerves that lead to the brain

- this supported the idea of the brain is the centre of thought and reason

21
Q

What did Galen think arteries contained?

A

Blood

- not air

22
Q

How did Galen learn what was inside of arteries? (3)

A
  1. Tied off an artery from a living specimen
  2. Isolated a section that shouldnt have blood in it
  3. Cut into it an blood came out
23
Q

What did Galen think the kidney made?

A

Urine

- not the bladder

24
Q

What did Galen discovered when cutting the spinal cords at different places? (3)

A
  1. Cutting between vertebrate 3-4 = no respiration
  2. Cutting below vertebrate 6 = paralysis of thoracic muscles
  3. Cutting even lower = paralysis of lower limbs, bladder and intestine
25
Q

What did Galen believe about blood?

A

That it did not circulate

- moves from site of synthesis to tissues

26
Q

Tidal flow

A

Blood sloshing back and forth

27
Q

What does venous blood do?

A

Distributes food

28
Q

How does venous blood enter the arterial system?

A

Through pores connecting the right and left ventricles

29
Q

What does arterial blood distribute?

A

Pneuma

30
Q

What does pneuma provide?

A

Warmth and movement

- living function that food does not have

31
Q

What are 4 therapies Galen believed in?

A
  1. Balance of humours with diet
  2. Balance humours with bloodletting and purging
  3. Surgery
  4. Complex drugs
32
Q

What were complex drugs made out of? (2)

A
  1. Vapours flesh
  2. Bat poop
    ect. ..
33
Q

What were the scientific legacies of the ancient world? (5)

A
  1. Spirit of natural, rational thought and inquiry
  2. Natural history
  3. Pragmatic, ethical medicine
    - treated whole people instead of parts because if you were sick, so was your whole body
  4. Dogmatic adherence to ancient authorities
  5. The first job of modern science were to assimilate ancient science and then travel beyond or over throw the most influential ancients

Bio 400 - History of Biology (33 decks)

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