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Bio 400 - History of Biology > The Ancient World - MT1 - Part 1 > Flashcards

The Ancient World - MT1 - Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the achievement of the Greek philosophers?

A

They invented purely scientific curiosity

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2
Q

What is science?

A

The inquiring to nature

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3
Q

What 2 attributes does science have?

A
  1. Its natural

2. Its rational

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4
Q

What does the attribute of “its natural” include? (3)

A
  1. No supernatural explanations
  2. Supernatural consists of mental states and don’t have connections with non-mental states
  3. Natural causes
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5
Q

What does the attribute of “its rational” include? (3)

A
  1. Properties of science need to have a rational basis to them
  2. Does not include prophecies or revelation
  3. Dont have to accept what everyone says (people can be wrong)
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6
Q

How did they try to find natural causes of things (2)

A
  1. Reason

2. Observation

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7
Q

Why did they not invoke supernatural agencies to explain the world? (4)

A
  1. The Greek religion had no complete, systematic explanation of the world
    - a bunch of different myths and legends
  2. The Greek gods took little interest in the world and in people
  3. The Greek gods had human characteristics and faults
    - cheating on spouses and played jokes
  4. Priests did not dominate Greek civilization
    - but did for others
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8
Q

What was Thales the founder of?

A

Traditions

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9
Q

What did Thales predict?

A

The solar eclipse

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10
Q

Why is there little knowledge about Thales? (2)

A
  1. He never wrote anything down
    - other wrote things down for him
  2. Could possibly have been illiterate
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11
Q

What did Greek philosophers regard him as later on?

A

The first natural philosopher

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12
Q

What did Thales believe?

A

That the earth is a disc surrounded on all sides by water

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13
Q

What was Thales explanation for earthquakes?

A

He thought when the sea around the earth was agitated it caused cracks in the earth which caused the earthquakes to occur

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14
Q

How did most people explain why earthquakes formed?

A

Through supernatural causes

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15
Q

What is water the beginning of?

A

All things

- the fundamental element out of which all else is made

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16
Q

What did Thales think about water?

A

Thought that water as the one elemental substance

- everything in the world was water or transformed water

17
Q

What kind of water did Thales think streams were?

A

Expanding water

18
Q

What kind of water did Thales think earth was?

A

Contracting water

19
Q

What are the forces that cause change in matter? (2)

A
  1. Consolidation

2. Expansion

20
Q

How could Thales lay a claim to have invented science? (2)

A
  1. For his naturalism

2. For his ideas

21
Q

Who are other candidates for inventing science? (3)

A
  1. Anaximander
  2. Democritus
  3. Aristotle
22
Q

Anaximander (3)

A
  1. 1st philosopher known to have written down his studies
  2. Tried to explain the different aspects of the universe
  3. Contributed to many disciplines
23
Q

Democritus (3)

A
  1. Formulated an atomic theory of the universe
  2. Father of modern science
  3. None of his writings survived
24
Q

Aristotle (2)

A
  1. Had writings that covered many topics

2. Believed all peoples concepts and knowledge was based on perception

25
Q

Who was Empedocles?

A

He was a Greek philosopher

26
Q

How did Empedocles view nature?

A

Had a materialist and casual view of nature

27
Q

Who did Empedocles have the same views with about nature?

A

Thales

28
Q

What was Empedocles the originator of?

A

The 4-element model of nature

29
Q

What did the 4-element model of nature include?

A
  1. Fire
  2. Air
  3. Water
  4. Earth
    - composed everything
30
Q

What 2 forces combined and dissociated the 4-elements?

A
  1. Love (attraction/combine)

2. Hate (repulsion/dissociate)

31
Q

What was Empedocles’ biology?

A
  1. We think primary with our blood, because the 4 elements are most evenly mingled in our blood
  2. Animals evolved from bizarre ancestors
    - had separate body parts attach randomly
    - created monsters but also normal animals (eg. Rhinos)

Bio 400 - History of Biology (33 decks)

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