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Biology > The Evolution of Plants and Fungi Ch 16 > Flashcards

The Evolution of Plants and Fungi Ch 16 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a plant?

A

a multicellular eukaryote that carries out photosynthesis and has a set of adaptations for living on land.

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2
Q

Are algae protists or plants and why?

A

Protists, since they lack terrestrial adaptations

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3
Q

What are roots?

A

subterranean organs

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4
Q

What do roots do?

A

anchor the plant in soil and absorb minerals and water from the soil

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5
Q

What are shoots?

A

above ground that are organ systems that consist of photosynthetic leaves supported by stems

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6
Q

what are mycorrhizae?

A

Root-fungus combinations, which help enlarge root’s surface

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7
Q

What made it possible for plants to live on land?

A

the mycorrhizal relationships

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8
Q

Exchange of CO2 and Oxygen occurs via ___?

A

stomata

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9
Q

What are stomata?

A

microscopic pores found on a leaf’s surface

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10
Q

What are vascular tissue?

A

network of tube-shaped cells that branch thoughout the plant

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11
Q

What are the two types of vascular tissues

A

mineral and water roots to leaves; and sugar from leaves to roots

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12
Q

What is lignin

A

a chemical that hardens cell walls, aka wood

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13
Q

what is a zygote?

A

fertilized egg

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14
Q

what must plants do to ensure their gametes and offspring don’t dry out

A

internal fertilization; provide a moist chamber that protects the sperm and egg

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15
Q

Name some adaptations for plants living on land?

A

cuticle, stomata, vascular tissue, lignin, protected gametes and embryos, aerial shoots and subterranean roots

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16
Q

What are charophytes

A

a lineage of green algae that resemble early plant ancestors

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17
Q

What was the first plant ancestor?

A

Charophytes (470 mya)

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18
Q

What was the 1st plant evolution?

A

Bryophytes (470 mya)

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19
Q

What was the 2nd plant evolution

A

Ferns and other seedless vascular plants (425 mya)

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20
Q

What was the 3rd plant evolution?

A

Gymnosperms - conifers, cone bearing seeds (360 mya)

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21
Q

What was the fourth plant evolution?

A

Angiosperms - flowers

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22
Q

Name examples of bryophytes:

A

mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

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23
Q

What are the features of bryophytes?

A

lack true roots and leaves; nonvascular

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24
Q

What was the second period of plant evolution?

A

425 mya, vascular tissue like ferns

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25
Q

What was the third major period of plant evolution

A

360 mya with the origin of the seed

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26
Q

What’s the purpose of the seed

A

protecting embryos from drying, packages with stores of food, protection

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27
Q

What are gymnosperms?

A

seed bearing plants without enclosed seed chambers; ex. conifers

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28
Q

What was the fourth major change is history of plants

A

flower bearing plants aka angiosperms (140 mya)

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29
Q

What is a flower?

A

a complex reproductive structure that bears seeds within protective chambers called ovaries

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30
Q

Name examples of angiosperms:

A

fruits, vegetables, grains, grasses, many trees

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31
Q

What are the major groups of modern plants?

A

bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms

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32
Q

What adaptations did mosses display?

A

waxy cuticle preventing dehydration; retention of embryos

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33
Q

Are bryophytes vascular or nonvascular?

A

they are nonvascular

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34
Q

What are gametophyte?

A

the spongelike plant that is more obvious when looking at moss

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35
Q

What is sporophyte?

A

a stalk with a capsule at its tip growing out of the gametophyte

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36
Q

Are the cells of the gametophyte diploid?

A

no, they are haploid.

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37
Q

What does haploid mean?

A

one set of chromosomes

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38
Q

Are the sporophyte diploid or haploid?

A

they are diploid.

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39
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

two sets of chromosomes

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40
Q

What do gametophytes produce?

A

sperm and eggs

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41
Q

What do sporophytes produce?

A

spores

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42
Q

What is a spore?

A

a haploid cell that can develop into a new individual without fusing with another cell.

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43
Q

What is alternation of generations?

A

in which gametophyte and sporophyte take turns producing each other

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44
Q

Do mosses only have 1 set of chromosomes?

A

Yes

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45
Q

What plants usually have the large gametophytes as the obvious plant part?

A

Mosses, hornworts, and bryophytes

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46
Q

What did the evolution of vascular tissue allow?

A

a greater variety of habitats to be colonized compared to mosses

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47
Q

Are the sperm of ferns similar to those of mosses?

A

Yes

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48
Q

What are the sperm of ferns like?

A

have flagella and must swim through a film of water to fertilize eggs

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49
Q

What happened during the Carboniferous period around 330 million years ago?

A

ancient ferns when they died create layers of organic deposits turning to fossil fuel

50
Q

What were gymnosperms

A

conifers, or cone-bearing plants, able to survive dry land and harsh winters

51
Q

Are nearly all conifers evergreen?

A

Yes

52
Q

Compared with ferns what 3 adaptions do gymnosperms have?

A

further reduction of the gametophyte, pollen and seeds

53
Q

What is the difference with ferns and bryophytes compared with gymnosperm gametophytes?

A

Gymnosperm gametophytes are totally dependent on the protection tissues of it’s parent sporophyte

54
Q

What is a pollen grain?

A

houses cells that will develop into sperm

55
Q

What terrestrial adaptation led to even greater success and diversity of plants on lands?

A

Pollination, airborne pollen carrying gametophytes

56
Q

What does a seed consist of?

A

a plant embryo packages along with a food supply within a protective coat

57
Q

How do seeds develop from?

A

Ovules

58
Q

What are Ovules?

A

structures that contain the female gametophytes

59
Q

What adaptations are found in angiosperms compared to gymnosperms?

A

refinements in vascular tissue and the flower

60
Q

What is a flower?

A

a short stem bearing modified leaves attached in concentric circles at its base

61
Q

What are sepals?

A

the outer layers, green parts that encloses the flower before it opens

62
Q

What are petals?

A

showy structures that attract pollinators, when sepals are peeled away

63
Q

Stamens

A

male reproductive structures

64
Q

Anther

A

sac at the top of each stamen

65
Q

Carpel

A

the female reproductive structure

66
Q

Ovary

A

part of the anther, a protective chamber containing one of more ovules

67
Q

What are ovules?

A

development of eggs

68
Q

Stigma

A

the sticky tip of the carpel, that traps pollen

69
Q

Is the flower a part of the sporophyte plant?

A

Yes

70
Q

Which is the male gametophyte of angiosperms and gymnosperms?

A

the pollen grain

71
Q

What is the female gametophyte located in an angiosperm?

A

An ovule

72
Q

What is the ovule?

A

resides within a chamber of the ovary

73
Q

When a pollen grain lands on the stigma what happens?

A

the pollen tube grows down to the ovule, then releases a sperm nucleus, fertilzing an egg

74
Q

Once the sperm fertilizes an egg within the ovule, what is produced?

A

a zygote, that develops into an embryo

75
Q

What is endosperm?

A

the tissue surrounding the embryo which is nutrient rich, providing food supply for the plant

76
Q

What happens to the whole ovule after it has a zygote and endosperm?

A

develops into a seed

77
Q

What does the seed of an angiosperm develop into?

A

germinates and develops into a new sporophyte

78
Q

What’s the difference between angiosperm seed and gymnosperm seed?

A

One is enclosed while the other is naked.

79
Q

Where does the seed develop from in angiosperm?

A

from ovule

80
Q

Where does fruit develop from?

A

Ovary

81
Q

What is the fruit?

A

the ripened ovary of a flower

82
Q

what are seeds of a fruit?

A

mature ovules

83
Q

What forms at the ovary wall thickens?

A

THE FRUIT!!

84
Q

what do many angiosperms depend on to disperse their seeds?

A

animals

85
Q

For us what do gymnosperms supply us and what do angiosperms supply us?

A

All our lumber and nearly all our food

86
Q

what are the four main parts of a flower?

A

sepals, petals, stamens, carpels

87
Q

Where do pollen grains develop?

A

in the anther within the stamen

88
Q

Where do eggs develop?

A

In the ovary within the carpel

89
Q

What percentage of the plant kingdom is made up of angiosperms?

A

90%

90
Q

What are fungi?

A

Eukaryotes and most are multicellular but have very different structures and reproduction ways

91
Q

Do all plants have mycorrhizae?

A

yes

92
Q

What do mycorrhizae do?

A

fungus root that helps plant absorb minerals and water from soil

93
Q

What 3 ways we benefit from fungi?

A

recycle nutrients in dead organisms; help plants with mycorrhizae and serve as food

94
Q

What are fungi?

A

heterotrophs that acquire their nutrients by absorption

95
Q

What are hyphae?

A

thread-like filaments that construct the bodies of most fungi

96
Q

Do fungal hyphae have a plasma membrane and cell wall?

A

Yes

97
Q

what are the cell walls of fungi made of?

A

Mainly chitin, which is similar to insect skeleton

98
Q

What is mycelium?

A

branches of hyphae, the feeding structure of the fungus that’s an interwoven network

99
Q

What is the function of the mushroom?

A

reproduction

100
Q

How do fungi reproduce?

A

by releasing haploid spores

101
Q

What is the function of mycelium?

A

have a large surface area in contact with the food source

102
Q

What is parasitism?

A

a relationship in which two species live in contact and one organism benefits while the other is harmed

103
Q

Leaves

A

the main photosynthetic organs

104
Q

Stomata

A

regulate gas exchange between plant and atmosphere

105
Q

Cuticle

A

reduces water loss

106
Q

Lignin

A

hardens cell walls

107
Q

Stem

A

supports plant; may perform photosynthesis

108
Q

Vascular tissues

A

transport water, minerals and sugar; provides support

109
Q

Roots

A

anchor plant; mycorrhizae help absorb water and minerals from the soil

110
Q

Plants evolved from ___?

A

charophytes

111
Q

Bryophytes

A

have structures that protect gametes and embryos

112
Q

Ferns

A

have vascular tissue that conducts water and nutrients

113
Q

Gymnosperms

A

have seeds that protect embryos from drying out

114
Q

Angiosperms

A

have ovaries that protect ovules and disperse seeds

115
Q

Conifers and most gymnosperms have 3 terrestrial adaptations:

A
  1. reduction of haploid, development of sporophyte; 2. sperm-bearing pollen, through wind
  2. seeds, in plant embryo with food supply
116
Q

Why were angiosperms successful

A

Flower and more efficient water transport

117
Q

What is the fruit?

A

the ripened ovary of a flower

118
Q

what are fungi?

A

unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes; heterotrophs

119
Q

what are fungus made of?

A

mass of threadlike hyphae

120
Q

What are the cell walls of fungi composed of?

A

Chitin

121
Q

what are mushrooms?

A

reproductive structures that extend from the mycelium

122
Q
A

Biology (27 decks)

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