The Evolution of Plants and Fungi Ch 16 Flashcards
What is a plant?
a multicellular eukaryote that carries out photosynthesis and has a set of adaptations for living on land.
Are algae protists or plants and why?
Protists, since they lack terrestrial adaptations
What are roots?
subterranean organs
What do roots do?
anchor the plant in soil and absorb minerals and water from the soil
What are shoots?
above ground that are organ systems that consist of photosynthetic leaves supported by stems
what are mycorrhizae?
Root-fungus combinations, which help enlarge root’s surface
What made it possible for plants to live on land?
the mycorrhizal relationships
Exchange of CO2 and Oxygen occurs via ___?
stomata
What are stomata?
microscopic pores found on a leaf’s surface
What are vascular tissue?
network of tube-shaped cells that branch thoughout the plant
What are the two types of vascular tissues
mineral and water roots to leaves; and sugar from leaves to roots
What is lignin
a chemical that hardens cell walls, aka wood
what is a zygote?
fertilized egg
what must plants do to ensure their gametes and offspring don’t dry out
internal fertilization; provide a moist chamber that protects the sperm and egg
Name some adaptations for plants living on land?
cuticle, stomata, vascular tissue, lignin, protected gametes and embryos, aerial shoots and subterranean roots
What are charophytes
a lineage of green algae that resemble early plant ancestors
What was the first plant ancestor?
Charophytes (470 mya)
What was the 1st plant evolution?
Bryophytes (470 mya)
What was the 2nd plant evolution
Ferns and other seedless vascular plants (425 mya)
What was the 3rd plant evolution?
Gymnosperms - conifers, cone bearing seeds (360 mya)
What was the fourth plant evolution?
Angiosperms - flowers
Name examples of bryophytes:
mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
What are the features of bryophytes?
lack true roots and leaves; nonvascular
What was the second period of plant evolution?
425 mya, vascular tissue like ferns
What was the third major period of plant evolution
360 mya with the origin of the seed
What’s the purpose of the seed
protecting embryos from drying, packages with stores of food, protection
What are gymnosperms?
seed bearing plants without enclosed seed chambers; ex. conifers
What was the fourth major change is history of plants
flower bearing plants aka angiosperms (140 mya)
What is a flower?
a complex reproductive structure that bears seeds within protective chambers called ovaries
Name examples of angiosperms:
fruits, vegetables, grains, grasses, many trees
What are the major groups of modern plants?
bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms
What adaptations did mosses display?
waxy cuticle preventing dehydration; retention of embryos
Are bryophytes vascular or nonvascular?
they are nonvascular
What are gametophyte?
the spongelike plant that is more obvious when looking at moss
What is sporophyte?
a stalk with a capsule at its tip growing out of the gametophyte
Are the cells of the gametophyte diploid?
no, they are haploid.
What does haploid mean?
one set of chromosomes
Are the sporophyte diploid or haploid?
they are diploid.
What does diploid mean?
two sets of chromosomes
What do gametophytes produce?
sperm and eggs
What do sporophytes produce?
spores
What is a spore?
a haploid cell that can develop into a new individual without fusing with another cell.
What is alternation of generations?
in which gametophyte and sporophyte take turns producing each other
Do mosses only have 1 set of chromosomes?
Yes
What plants usually have the large gametophytes as the obvious plant part?
Mosses, hornworts, and bryophytes
What did the evolution of vascular tissue allow?
a greater variety of habitats to be colonized compared to mosses
Are the sperm of ferns similar to those of mosses?
Yes
What are the sperm of ferns like?
have flagella and must swim through a film of water to fertilize eggs
What happened during the Carboniferous period around 330 million years ago?
ancient ferns when they died create layers of organic deposits turning to fossil fuel
What were gymnosperms
conifers, or cone-bearing plants, able to survive dry land and harsh winters
Are nearly all conifers evergreen?
Yes
Compared with ferns what 3 adaptions do gymnosperms have?
further reduction of the gametophyte, pollen and seeds
What is the difference with ferns and bryophytes compared with gymnosperm gametophytes?
Gymnosperm gametophytes are totally dependent on the protection tissues of it’s parent sporophyte
What is a pollen grain?
houses cells that will develop into sperm
What terrestrial adaptation led to even greater success and diversity of plants on lands?
Pollination, airborne pollen carrying gametophytes
What does a seed consist of?
a plant embryo packages along with a food supply within a protective coat
How do seeds develop from?
Ovules
What are Ovules?
structures that contain the female gametophytes
What adaptations are found in angiosperms compared to gymnosperms?
refinements in vascular tissue and the flower
What is a flower?
a short stem bearing modified leaves attached in concentric circles at its base
What are sepals?
the outer layers, green parts that encloses the flower before it opens
What are petals?
showy structures that attract pollinators, when sepals are peeled away
Stamens
male reproductive structures
Anther
sac at the top of each stamen
Carpel
the female reproductive structure
Ovary
part of the anther, a protective chamber containing one of more ovules
What are ovules?
development of eggs
Stigma
the sticky tip of the carpel, that traps pollen
Is the flower a part of the sporophyte plant?
Yes
Which is the male gametophyte of angiosperms and gymnosperms?
the pollen grain
What is the female gametophyte located in an angiosperm?
An ovule
What is the ovule?
resides within a chamber of the ovary
When a pollen grain lands on the stigma what happens?
the pollen tube grows down to the ovule, then releases a sperm nucleus, fertilzing an egg
Once the sperm fertilizes an egg within the ovule, what is produced?
a zygote, that develops into an embryo
What is endosperm?
the tissue surrounding the embryo which is nutrient rich, providing food supply for the plant
What happens to the whole ovule after it has a zygote and endosperm?
develops into a seed
What does the seed of an angiosperm develop into?
germinates and develops into a new sporophyte
What’s the difference between angiosperm seed and gymnosperm seed?
One is enclosed while the other is naked.
Where does the seed develop from in angiosperm?
from ovule
Where does fruit develop from?
Ovary
What is the fruit?
the ripened ovary of a flower
what are seeds of a fruit?
mature ovules
What forms at the ovary wall thickens?
THE FRUIT!!
what do many angiosperms depend on to disperse their seeds?
animals
For us what do gymnosperms supply us and what do angiosperms supply us?
All our lumber and nearly all our food
what are the four main parts of a flower?
sepals, petals, stamens, carpels
Where do pollen grains develop?
in the anther within the stamen
Where do eggs develop?
In the ovary within the carpel
What percentage of the plant kingdom is made up of angiosperms?
90%
What are fungi?
Eukaryotes and most are multicellular but have very different structures and reproduction ways
Do all plants have mycorrhizae?
yes
What do mycorrhizae do?
fungus root that helps plant absorb minerals and water from soil
What 3 ways we benefit from fungi?
recycle nutrients in dead organisms; help plants with mycorrhizae and serve as food
What are fungi?
heterotrophs that acquire their nutrients by absorption
What are hyphae?
thread-like filaments that construct the bodies of most fungi
Do fungal hyphae have a plasma membrane and cell wall?
Yes
what are the cell walls of fungi made of?
Mainly chitin, which is similar to insect skeleton
What is mycelium?
branches of hyphae, the feeding structure of the fungus that’s an interwoven network
What is the function of the mushroom?
reproduction
How do fungi reproduce?
by releasing haploid spores
What is the function of mycelium?
have a large surface area in contact with the food source
What is parasitism?
a relationship in which two species live in contact and one organism benefits while the other is harmed
Leaves
the main photosynthetic organs
Stomata
regulate gas exchange between plant and atmosphere
Cuticle
reduces water loss
Lignin
hardens cell walls
Stem
supports plant; may perform photosynthesis
Vascular tissues
transport water, minerals and sugar; provides support
Roots
anchor plant; mycorrhizae help absorb water and minerals from the soil
Plants evolved from ___?
charophytes
Bryophytes
have structures that protect gametes and embryos
Ferns
have vascular tissue that conducts water and nutrients
Gymnosperms
have seeds that protect embryos from drying out
Angiosperms
have ovaries that protect ovules and disperse seeds
Conifers and most gymnosperms have 3 terrestrial adaptations:
- reduction of haploid, development of sporophyte; 2. sperm-bearing pollen, through wind
- seeds, in plant embryo with food supply
Why were angiosperms successful
Flower and more efficient water transport
What is the fruit?
the ripened ovary of a flower
what are fungi?
unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes; heterotrophs
what are fungus made of?
mass of threadlike hyphae
What are the cell walls of fungi composed of?
Chitin
what are mushrooms?
reproductive structures that extend from the mycelium
