The Evolution of Plants and Fungi Ch 16 Flashcards
1
Q
What is a plant?
A
a multicellular eukaryote that carries out photosynthesis and has a set of adaptations for living on land.
2
Q
Are algae protists or plants and why?
A
Protists, since they lack terrestrial adaptations
3
Q
What are roots?
A
subterranean organs
4
Q
What do roots do?
A
anchor the plant in soil and absorb minerals and water from the soil
5
Q
What are shoots?
A
above ground that are organ systems that consist of photosynthetic leaves supported by stems
6
Q
what are mycorrhizae?
A
Root-fungus combinations, which help enlarge root’s surface
7
Q
What made it possible for plants to live on land?
A
the mycorrhizal relationships
8
Q
Exchange of CO2 and Oxygen occurs via ___?
A
stomata
9
Q
What are stomata?
A
microscopic pores found on a leaf’s surface
10
Q
What are vascular tissue?
A
network of tube-shaped cells that branch thoughout the plant
11
Q
What are the two types of vascular tissues
A
mineral and water roots to leaves; and sugar from leaves to roots
12
Q
What is lignin
A
a chemical that hardens cell walls, aka wood
13
Q
what is a zygote?
A
fertilized egg
14
Q
what must plants do to ensure their gametes and offspring don’t dry out
A
internal fertilization; provide a moist chamber that protects the sperm and egg
15
Q
Name some adaptations for plants living on land?
A
cuticle, stomata, vascular tissue, lignin, protected gametes and embryos, aerial shoots and subterranean roots
16
Q
What are charophytes
A
a lineage of green algae that resemble early plant ancestors
17
Q
What was the first plant ancestor?
A
Charophytes (470 mya)
18
Q
What was the 1st plant evolution?
A
Bryophytes (470 mya)
19
Q
What was the 2nd plant evolution
A
Ferns and other seedless vascular plants (425 mya)
20
Q
What was the 3rd plant evolution?
A
Gymnosperms - conifers, cone bearing seeds (360 mya)
21
Q
What was the fourth plant evolution?
A
Angiosperms - flowers
22
Q
Name examples of bryophytes:
A
mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
23
Q
What are the features of bryophytes?
A
lack true roots and leaves; nonvascular
24
Q
What was the second period of plant evolution?
A
425 mya, vascular tissue like ferns
25
What was the third major period of plant evolution
360 mya with the origin of the seed
26
What's the purpose of the seed
protecting embryos from drying, packages with stores of food, protection
27
What are gymnosperms?
seed bearing plants without enclosed seed chambers; ex. conifers
28
What was the fourth major change is history of plants
flower bearing plants aka angiosperms (140 mya)
29
What is a flower?
a complex reproductive structure that bears seeds within protective chambers called ovaries
30
Name examples of angiosperms:
fruits, vegetables, grains, grasses, many trees
31
What are the major groups of modern plants?
bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms
32
What adaptations did mosses display?
waxy cuticle preventing dehydration; retention of embryos
33
Are bryophytes vascular or nonvascular?
they are nonvascular
34
What are gametophyte?
the spongelike plant that is more obvious when looking at moss
35
What is sporophyte?
a stalk with a capsule at its tip growing out of the gametophyte
36
Are the cells of the gametophyte diploid?
no, they are haploid.
37
What does haploid mean?
one set of chromosomes
38
Are the sporophyte diploid or haploid?
they are diploid.
39
What does diploid mean?
two sets of chromosomes
40
What do gametophytes produce?
sperm and eggs
41
What do sporophytes produce?
spores
42
What is a spore?
a haploid cell that can develop into a new individual without fusing with another cell.
43
What is alternation of generations?
in which gametophyte and sporophyte take turns producing each other
44
Do mosses only have 1 set of chromosomes?
Yes
45
What plants usually have the large gametophytes as the obvious plant part?
Mosses, hornworts, and bryophytes
46
What did the evolution of vascular tissue allow?
a greater variety of habitats to be colonized compared to mosses
47
Are the sperm of ferns similar to those of mosses?
Yes
48
What are the sperm of ferns like?
have flagella and must swim through a film of water to fertilize eggs
49
What happened during the Carboniferous period around 330 million years ago?
ancient ferns when they died create layers of organic deposits turning to fossil fuel
50
What were gymnosperms
conifers, or cone-bearing plants, able to survive dry land and harsh winters
51
Are nearly all conifers evergreen?
Yes
52
Compared with ferns what 3 adaptions do gymnosperms have?
further reduction of the gametophyte, pollen and seeds
53
What is the difference with ferns and bryophytes compared with gymnosperm gametophytes?
Gymnosperm gametophytes are totally dependent on the protection tissues of it's parent sporophyte
54
What is a pollen grain?
houses cells that will develop into sperm
55
What terrestrial adaptation led to even greater success and diversity of plants on lands?
Pollination, airborne pollen carrying gametophytes
56
What does a seed consist of?
a plant embryo packages along with a food supply within a protective coat
57
How do seeds develop from?
Ovules
58
What are Ovules?
structures that contain the female gametophytes
59
What adaptations are found in angiosperms compared to gymnosperms?
refinements in vascular tissue and the flower
60
What is a flower?
a short stem bearing modified leaves attached in concentric circles at its base
61
What are sepals?
the outer layers, green parts that encloses the flower before it opens
62
What are petals?
showy structures that attract pollinators, when sepals are peeled away
63
Stamens
male reproductive structures
64
Anther
sac at the top of each stamen
65
Carpel
the female reproductive structure
66
Ovary
part of the anther, a protective chamber containing one of more ovules
67
What are ovules?
development of eggs
68
Stigma
the sticky tip of the carpel, that traps pollen
69
Is the flower a part of the sporophyte plant?
Yes
70
Which is the male gametophyte of angiosperms and gymnosperms?
the pollen grain
71
What is the female gametophyte located in an angiosperm?
An ovule
72
What is the ovule?
resides within a chamber of the ovary
73
When a pollen grain lands on the stigma what happens?
the pollen tube grows down to the ovule, then releases a sperm nucleus, fertilzing an egg
74
Once the sperm fertilizes an egg within the ovule, what is produced?
a zygote, that develops into an embryo
75
What is endosperm?
the tissue surrounding the embryo which is nutrient rich, providing food supply for the plant
76
What happens to the whole ovule after it has a zygote and endosperm?
develops into a seed
77
What does the seed of an angiosperm develop into?
germinates and develops into a new sporophyte
78
What's the difference between angiosperm seed and gymnosperm seed?
One is enclosed while the other is naked.
79
Where does the seed develop from in angiosperm?
from ovule
80
Where does fruit develop from?
Ovary
81
What is the fruit?
the ripened ovary of a flower
82
what are seeds of a fruit?
mature ovules
83
What forms at the ovary wall thickens?
THE FRUIT!!
84
what do many angiosperms depend on to disperse their seeds?
animals
85
For us what do gymnosperms supply us and what do angiosperms supply us?
All our lumber and nearly all our food
86
what are the four main parts of a flower?
sepals, petals, stamens, carpels
87
Where do pollen grains develop?
in the anther within the stamen
88
Where do eggs develop?
In the ovary within the carpel
89
What percentage of the plant kingdom is made up of angiosperms?
90%
90
What are fungi?
Eukaryotes and most are multicellular but have very different structures and reproduction ways
91
Do all plants have mycorrhizae?
yes
92
What do mycorrhizae do?
fungus root that helps plant absorb minerals and water from soil
93
What 3 ways we benefit from fungi?
recycle nutrients in dead organisms; help plants with mycorrhizae and serve as food
94
What are fungi?
heterotrophs that acquire their nutrients by absorption
95
What are hyphae?
thread-like filaments that construct the bodies of most fungi
96
Do fungal hyphae have a plasma membrane and cell wall?
Yes
97
what are the cell walls of fungi made of?
Mainly chitin, which is similar to insect skeleton
98
What is mycelium?
branches of hyphae, the feeding structure of the fungus that's an interwoven network
99
What is the function of the mushroom?
reproduction
100
How do fungi reproduce?
by releasing haploid spores
101
What is the function of mycelium?
have a large surface area in contact with the food source
102
What is parasitism?
a relationship in which two species live in contact and one organism benefits while the other is harmed
103
Leaves
the main photosynthetic organs
104
Stomata
regulate gas exchange between plant and atmosphere
105
Cuticle
reduces water loss
106
Lignin
hardens cell walls
107
Stem
supports plant; may perform photosynthesis
108
Vascular tissues
transport water, minerals and sugar; provides support
109
Roots
anchor plant; mycorrhizae help absorb water and minerals from the soil
110
Plants evolved from ___?
charophytes
111
Bryophytes
have structures that protect gametes and embryos
112
Ferns
have vascular tissue that conducts water and nutrients
113
Gymnosperms
have seeds that protect embryos from drying out
114
Angiosperms
have ovaries that protect ovules and disperse seeds
115
Conifers and most gymnosperms have 3 terrestrial adaptations:
1. reduction of haploid, development of sporophyte; 2. sperm-bearing pollen, through wind
3. seeds, in plant embryo with food supply
116
Why were angiosperms successful
Flower and more efficient water transport
117
What is the fruit?
the ripened ovary of a flower
118
what are fungi?
unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes; heterotrophs
119
what are fungus made of?
mass of threadlike hyphae
120
What are the cell walls of fungi composed of?
Chitin
121
what are mushrooms?
reproductive structures that extend from the mycelium
122
