Exam 2_Cells Lecture Notes Flashcards
All cells have 3 parts:
cell membrane, DNA, cytoplasm
Viruses consist of
DNA (or RNA) and a protein coat
Bacteria are
single-celled organisms
Bacteria have…
no organelles, no nucleus (prokaryotes). DNA is loose in cytoplasm
parts of the cell
Organelles
phospholipid bilayer there are carbohydrates and proteins in it as well
Cell Membrane
Proteins in the cell membrane:
receptor, adhesion, transport, recognition proteins
contains DNA; chromosomes are tightly packed, thread like bundles of DNA
Nucleus
the structure where proteins are made or assembled
Endoplasmic Reticulum
structures made of nucleic acids RNA, where proteins are made, attached to ER
Ribosomes
finishes making protein, adds an element to it that tells it where to go in the body. pinch and sent off
Golgi Body
small membrane bound spheres that are pinched off from the Golgi bodies and transports proteins to various locations
Vesicles
produces all of the energy for the cell
Mitochondria
membrane-bound sac of digestive enzymes that is responsible for digesting macromolecules
Lysosomes
the life cycle of a cell; the series of events from the birth of a cell to reproduction
Cell Cycle
Cell growth, experiments on limits to cell division
The Hayflick Limit
name who the role of telomeres in cell division
Elizabeth Blackburn
the process of cell division where the contents of the cell are duplicated, then the cell is split into 2 offspring cells that are diploid (2N)
Mitosis
The phases of mitosis
IPMAT
cell prepares to divide –by making new proteins, organelles, and chromosomes.
Interphase
chromosomes are visible, nuclear membrane breaks down, microtubules attach to chromosomes
Prophase
chromosomes line up on equator of cell
Metaphase
sister chromatids are pulled apart by microtubules
Anaphase
cell division occurs (cytokinesis); chromosomes uncoil, nuclear membrane reforms, microtubules disappear
Telophase
the executive decision maker of the cell and integrates the growth-regulating signals (stimulatory and inhibitory) from the cell and then makes the decision to either divide or not divide.
The cell cycle clock (inside the nucleus)
the process of cell division where the contents of the cell are duplicated, then the cell contents divide, then the contents divide again resulting in 4 offspring cells that are haploid (1N)
Meiosis
Abiotic synthesis of monomers
from chemicals in the environment
From chemicals in the environment
H2, CH4, NH3, H20
ability to form monomers from these elements
Amino acids, or Nucleotides
putting together the monomers to form: proteins, nucleic acids
Production of polymers
proteins, able to make more proteins, then
RNA molecules came later and increased the efficiency of replication
short RNA strands, ability to make complimentary
strands used ribosomes (also RNA) as enzymes
molecules became Packaged into a fatty membrane
Pre-cells
inward folding of plasma membrane gave rise to
some organelles
on how mitochondria and chloroplasts formed
endosymbiotic theory
Smaller prokaryotes were engulfed but not digested
and lived symbiotically with larger organism
3 Domains of Life
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Eukarya includes
Protists, Plants, Animals, Fungi
ancient -evolved and split from bacteria very early; most are extremeophiles; prokaryotes, single celled
Archaea
no organellles, no nucleus
Prokaryotes
mostly single celled; cell wall made of chitin; reproduce very quickly by fission; can survive an an endospore for long periods of time
Bacteria
3 things bacteria can be:
autotroph, heterotrophy, chemotroph
makes own food from sun
autotroph
ingest its’ food
heterotroph
uses sulfur or ammonia as energy source
chemotroph
eukaryotic, multicellular hetertrophs that feed by ingestion
Animals
eukarytoic multicellular autotrophs
plants
single cells and multicellular heterotrophs that feed by absorption of nutrients from the environment (or host animals or plants)
Fungi
eukaryotic organisms that are not animls, plants or fungi; some examples of them include
Protists
Some examples of Protists:
Protozoans, Slime Molds, Green Algae
animal like organisms; amoeba, paramecium, flagellates like Giardia and Tyrpanosomes (cause African sleeping sickness)
Protozoans
fungi – like organisms –that are not related to fungi
Slime molds
plant-like organisms; are likely ancestors to plants; eg) dinoflagellates, diatoms, Volvox
Green algae
Viruses not part of 3 domains why?
Non-living; protein coat, DNA or RNA; Need a host
uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells; the cells multiply rapidly and cease to function within the tissue
Cancer
cancer cells crowd out and replace healthy cells
infiltration
cancer cells migrate to new sites and form new tumors
Metastasize
won’t usually continue to grow
Benign Tumors
continue to grow
Malignant Tumors
when certain genes mutate they then code for proteins that cause cells to divide out of control and cause cancer
Oncogenes
genes that code for proteins that inhibit cells from dividing
Tumor Suppressor genes
Mutations in the DNA
cells that are damaged
Why do cells commit suicide?
when they are damaged
they inactivate proteins that cause cell suicide and produce additional proteins that ward off cell suicide
Tumor cells
stands of DNA at the ends of each chromosome
telomeres
These count how many times cells divide and after a programmed number of division will initiate senescences.
Telomeres
tumor cells activate a gene (normally not active in healthy cells) that produce the enzyme _____?
telomerase
________ systematically replaces DNA segments on the ends of the chromosomes, essentially making them immortal.
Telomerase
Name some things that cause cancer:
UV radiation, x-rays, viruses (HPV, Epsein-Barr), smoke particles, some industrial chemicals, some pesticides, certain foods (very hot foods, fat, burned foods, alcohol, etc.), pollution
