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Biology > Exam 2_Cells Lecture Notes > Flashcards

Exam 2_Cells Lecture Notes Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

All cells have 3 parts:

A

cell membrane, DNA, cytoplasm

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2
Q

Viruses consist of

A

DNA (or RNA) and a protein coat

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3
Q

Bacteria are

A

single-celled organisms

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4
Q

Bacteria have…

A

no organelles, no nucleus (prokaryotes). DNA is loose in cytoplasm

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5
Q

parts of the cell

A

Organelles

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6
Q

phospholipid bilayer there are carbohydrates and proteins in it as well

A

Cell Membrane

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7
Q

Proteins in the cell membrane:

A

receptor, adhesion, transport, recognition proteins

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8
Q

contains DNA; chromosomes are tightly packed, thread like bundles of DNA

A

Nucleus

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9
Q

the structure where proteins are made or assembled

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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10
Q

structures made of nucleic acids RNA, where proteins are made, attached to ER

A

Ribosomes

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11
Q

finishes making protein, adds an element to it that tells it where to go in the body. pinch and sent off

A

Golgi Body

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12
Q

small membrane bound spheres that are pinched off from the Golgi bodies and transports proteins to various locations

A

Vesicles

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13
Q

produces all of the energy for the cell

A

Mitochondria

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14
Q

membrane-bound sac of digestive enzymes that is responsible for digesting macromolecules

A

Lysosomes

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15
Q

the life cycle of a cell; the series of events from the birth of a cell to reproduction

A

Cell Cycle

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16
Q

Cell growth, experiments on limits to cell division

A

The Hayflick Limit

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17
Q

name who the role of telomeres in cell division

A

Elizabeth Blackburn

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18
Q

the process of cell division where the contents of the cell are duplicated, then the cell is split into 2 offspring cells that are diploid (2N)

A

Mitosis

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19
Q

The phases of mitosis

A

IPMAT

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20
Q

cell prepares to divide –by making new proteins, organelles, and chromosomes.

A

Interphase

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21
Q

chromosomes are visible, nuclear membrane breaks down, microtubules attach to chromosomes

A

Prophase

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22
Q

chromosomes line up on equator of cell

A

Metaphase

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23
Q

sister chromatids are pulled apart by microtubules

A

Anaphase

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24
Q

cell division occurs (cytokinesis); chromosomes uncoil, nuclear membrane reforms, microtubules disappear

A

Telophase

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25
Q

the executive decision maker of the cell and integrates the growth-regulating signals (stimulatory and inhibitory) from the cell and then makes the decision to either divide or not divide.

A

The cell cycle clock (inside the nucleus)

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26
Q

the process of cell division where the contents of the cell are duplicated, then the cell contents divide, then the contents divide again resulting in 4 offspring cells that are haploid (1N)

A

Meiosis

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27
Q

Abiotic synthesis of monomers

A

from chemicals in the environment

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28
Q

From chemicals in the environment

A

H2, CH4, NH3, H20

29
Q

ability to form monomers from these elements

A

Amino acids, or Nucleotides

30
Q

putting together the monomers to form: proteins, nucleic acids

A

Production of polymers

31
Q

proteins, able to make more proteins, then

A

RNA molecules came later and increased the efficiency of replication

32
Q

short RNA strands, ability to make complimentary

A

strands used ribosomes (also RNA) as enzymes

33
Q

molecules became Packaged into a fatty membrane

A

Pre-cells

34
Q

inward folding of plasma membrane gave rise to

A

some organelles

35
Q

on how mitochondria and chloroplasts formed

A

endosymbiotic theory

36
Q

Smaller prokaryotes were engulfed but not digested

A

and lived symbiotically with larger organism

37
Q

3 Domains of Life

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

38
Q

Eukarya includes

A

Protists, Plants, Animals, Fungi

39
Q

ancient -evolved and split from bacteria very early; most are extremeophiles; prokaryotes, single celled

A

Archaea

40
Q

no organellles, no nucleus

A

Prokaryotes

41
Q

mostly single celled; cell wall made of chitin; reproduce very quickly by fission; can survive an an endospore for long periods of time

A

Bacteria

42
Q

3 things bacteria can be:

A

autotroph, heterotrophy, chemotroph

43
Q

makes own food from sun

A

autotroph

44
Q

ingest its’ food

A

heterotroph

45
Q

uses sulfur or ammonia as energy source

A

chemotroph

46
Q

eukaryotic, multicellular hetertrophs that feed by ingestion

A

Animals

47
Q

eukarytoic multicellular autotrophs

A

plants

48
Q

single cells and multicellular heterotrophs that feed by absorption of nutrients from the environment (or host animals or plants)

A

Fungi

49
Q

eukaryotic organisms that are not animls, plants or fungi; some examples of them include

A

Protists

50
Q

Some examples of Protists:

A

Protozoans, Slime Molds, Green Algae

51
Q

animal like organisms; amoeba, paramecium, flagellates like Giardia and Tyrpanosomes (cause African sleeping sickness)

A

Protozoans

52
Q

fungi – like organisms –that are not related to fungi

A

Slime molds

53
Q

plant-like organisms; are likely ancestors to plants; eg) dinoflagellates, diatoms, Volvox

A

Green algae

54
Q

Viruses not part of 3 domains why?

A

Non-living; protein coat, DNA or RNA; Need a host

55
Q

uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells; the cells multiply rapidly and cease to function within the tissue

A

Cancer

56
Q

cancer cells crowd out and replace healthy cells

A

infiltration

57
Q

cancer cells migrate to new sites and form new tumors

A

Metastasize

58
Q

won’t usually continue to grow

A

Benign Tumors

59
Q

continue to grow

A

Malignant Tumors

60
Q

when certain genes mutate they then code for proteins that cause cells to divide out of control and cause cancer

A

Oncogenes

61
Q

genes that code for proteins that inhibit cells from dividing

A

Tumor Suppressor genes

62
Q

Mutations in the DNA

A

cells that are damaged

63
Q

Why do cells commit suicide?

A

when they are damaged

64
Q

they inactivate proteins that cause cell suicide and produce additional proteins that ward off cell suicide

A

Tumor cells

65
Q

stands of DNA at the ends of each chromosome

A

telomeres

66
Q

These count how many times cells divide and after a programmed number of division will initiate senescences.

A

Telomeres

67
Q

tumor cells activate a gene (normally not active in healthy cells) that produce the enzyme _____?

A

telomerase

68
Q

________ systematically replaces DNA segments on the ends of the chromosomes, essentially making them immortal.

A

Telomerase

69
Q

Name some things that cause cancer:

A

UV radiation, x-rays, viruses (HPV, Epsein-Barr), smoke particles, some industrial chemicals, some pesticides, certain foods (very hot foods, fat, burned foods, alcohol, etc.), pollution

Biology (18 decks)

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