Exam 2_Cells Lecture Notes

Question 1

All cells have 3 parts:

Answer 1

cell membrane, DNA, cytoplasm

Question 2

Viruses consist of

Answer 2

DNA (or RNA) and a protein coat

Question 3

Bacteria are

Answer 3

single-celled organisms

Question 4

Bacteria have…

Answer 4

no organelles, no nucleus (prokaryotes). DNA is loose in cytoplasm

Question 5

parts of the cell

Answer 5

Organelles

Question 6

phospholipid bilayer there are carbohydrates and proteins in it as well

Answer 6

Cell Membrane

Question 7

Proteins in the cell membrane:

Answer 7

receptor, adhesion, transport, recognition proteins

Question 8

contains DNA; chromosomes are tightly packed, thread like bundles of DNA

Answer 8

Nucleus

Question 9

the structure where proteins are made or assembled

Answer 9

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 10

structures made of nucleic acids RNA, where proteins are made, attached to ER

Answer 10

Ribosomes

Question 11

finishes making protein, adds an element to it that tells it where to go in the body. pinch and sent off

Answer 11

Golgi Body

Question 12

small membrane bound spheres that are pinched off from the Golgi bodies and transports proteins to various locations

Answer 12

Vesicles

Question 13

produces all of the energy for the cell

Answer 13

Mitochondria

Question 14

membrane-bound sac of digestive enzymes that is responsible for digesting macromolecules

Answer 14

Lysosomes

Question 15

the life cycle of a cell; the series of events from the birth of a cell to reproduction

Answer 15

Cell Cycle

Question 16

Cell growth, experiments on limits to cell division

Answer 16

The Hayflick Limit

Question 17

name who the role of telomeres in cell division

Answer 17

Elizabeth Blackburn

Question 18

the process of cell division where the contents of the cell are duplicated, then the cell is split into 2 offspring cells that are diploid (2N)

Answer 18

Mitosis

Question 19

The phases of mitosis

Answer 19

IPMAT

Question 20

cell prepares to divide –by making new proteins, organelles, and chromosomes.

Answer 20

Interphase

Question 21

chromosomes are visible, nuclear membrane breaks down, microtubules attach to chromosomes

Answer 21

Prophase

Question 22

chromosomes line up on equator of cell

Answer 22

Metaphase

Question 23

sister chromatids are pulled apart by microtubules

Answer 23

Anaphase

Question 24

cell division occurs (cytokinesis); chromosomes uncoil, nuclear membrane reforms, microtubules disappear

Answer 24

Telophase

Question 25

the executive decision maker of the cell and integrates the growth-regulating signals (stimulatory and inhibitory) from the cell and then makes the decision to either divide or not divide.

Answer 25

The cell cycle clock (inside the nucleus)

Question 26

the process of cell division where the contents of the cell are duplicated, then the cell contents divide, then the contents divide again resulting in 4 offspring cells that are haploid (1N)

Answer 26

Meiosis

Question 27

Abiotic synthesis of monomers

Answer 27

from chemicals in the environment

Question 28

From chemicals in the environment

Answer 28

H2, CH4, NH3, H20

Question 29

ability to form monomers from these elements

Answer 29

Amino acids, or Nucleotides

Question 30

putting together the monomers to form: proteins, nucleic acids

Answer 30

Production of polymers

Question 31

proteins, able to make more proteins, then

Answer 31

RNA molecules came later and increased the efficiency of replication

Question 32

short RNA strands, ability to make complimentary

Answer 32

strands used ribosomes (also RNA) as enzymes

Question 33

molecules became Packaged into a fatty membrane

Answer 33

Pre-cells

Question 34

inward folding of plasma membrane gave rise to

Answer 34

some organelles

Question 35

on how mitochondria and chloroplasts formed

Answer 35

endosymbiotic theory

Question 36

Smaller prokaryotes were engulfed but not digested

Answer 36

and lived symbiotically with larger organism

Question 37

3 Domains of Life

Answer 37

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Question 38

Eukarya includes

Answer 38

Protists, Plants, Animals, Fungi

Question 39

ancient -evolved and split from bacteria very early; most are extremeophiles; prokaryotes, single celled

Answer 39

Archaea

Question 40

no organellles, no nucleus

Answer 40

Prokaryotes

Question 41

mostly single celled; cell wall made of chitin; reproduce very quickly by fission; can survive an an endospore for long periods of time

Answer 41

Bacteria

Question 42

3 things bacteria can be:

Answer 42

autotroph, heterotrophy, chemotroph

Question 43

makes own food from sun

Answer 43

autotroph

Question 44

ingest its' food

Answer 44

heterotroph

Question 45

uses sulfur or ammonia as energy source

Answer 45

chemotroph

Question 46

eukaryotic, multicellular hetertrophs that feed by ingestion

Answer 46

Animals

Question 47

eukarytoic multicellular autotrophs

Answer 47

plants

Question 48

single cells and multicellular heterotrophs that feed by absorption of nutrients from the environment (or host animals or plants)

Answer 48

Fungi

Question 49

eukaryotic organisms that are not animls, plants or fungi; some examples of them include

Answer 49

Protists

Question 50

Some examples of Protists:

Answer 50

Protozoans, Slime Molds, Green Algae

Question 51

animal like organisms; amoeba, paramecium, flagellates like Giardia and Tyrpanosomes (cause African sleeping sickness)

Answer 51

Protozoans

Question 52

fungi – like organisms –that are not related to fungi

Answer 52

Slime molds

Question 53

plant-like organisms; are likely ancestors to plants; eg) dinoflagellates, diatoms, Volvox

Answer 53

Green algae

Question 54

Viruses not part of 3 domains why?

Answer 54

Non-living; protein coat, DNA or RNA; Need a host

Question 55

uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells; the cells multiply rapidly and cease to function within the tissue

Answer 55

Cancer

Question 56

cancer cells crowd out and replace healthy cells

Answer 56

infiltration

Question 57

cancer cells migrate to new sites and form new tumors

Answer 57

Metastasize

Question 58

won't usually continue to grow

Answer 58

Benign Tumors

Question 59

continue to grow

Answer 59

Malignant Tumors

Question 60

when certain genes mutate they then code for proteins that cause cells to divide out of control and cause cancer

Answer 60

Oncogenes

Question 61

genes that code for proteins that inhibit cells from dividing

Answer 61

Tumor Suppressor genes

Question 62

Mutations in the DNA

Answer 62

cells that are damaged

Question 63

Why do cells commit suicide?

Answer 63

when they are damaged

Question 64

they inactivate proteins that cause cell suicide and produce additional proteins that ward off cell suicide

Answer 64

Tumor cells

Question 65

stands of DNA at the ends of each chromosome

Answer 65

telomeres

Question 66

These count how many times cells divide and after a programmed number of division will initiate senescences.

Answer 66

Telomeres

Question 67

tumor cells activate a gene (normally not active in healthy cells) that produce the enzyme _____?

Answer 67

telomerase

Question 68

________ systematically replaces DNA segments on the ends of the chromosomes, essentially making them immortal.

Answer 68

Telomerase

Question 69

Name some things that cause cancer:

Answer 69

UV radiation, x-rays, viruses (HPV, Epsein-Barr), smoke particles, some industrial chemicals, some pesticides, certain foods (very hot foods, fat, burned foods, alcohol, etc.), pollution