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Biology > Exam 2 _Openstax Cells and Organelles > Flashcards

Exam 2 _Openstax Cells and Organelles Flashcards

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1
Q

Plasma Membrane aka cell membrane

A

the outer shell of all cells made of phospholipids

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2
Q

Cytoplasm

A

gel like substance that holds the organelles and nucleus in place

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3
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

membrane enclosing the nucleus. protein lined pores allow material to move in and out

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4
Q

Chromatin:

A

DNA plus associated proteins

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5
Q

Nucleolus:

A

condensed region where ribosomes are formed.

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6
Q

Peroxisome:

A

metabolizes waste

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7
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

associated with ribosomes; makes secretory and membrane proteins

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8
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

makes lipids

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9
Q

Microtubules:

A

form the mitotic spindle and maintain cells shape

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10
Q

Centrosome:

A

microtubule-organizing center

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11
Q

Intermediate Filaments:

A

fibrous proteins that hold organelles in place.

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12
Q

Microtubules:

A

fibrous proteins; form the cellular cortex.

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13
Q

Lysosome:

A

digests food and waste materials

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14
Q

Golgi Apparatus:

A

modifies proteins

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15
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

??

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16
Q

Mitochondria

A

produce energy

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17
Q

Vacuole

A

??

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18
Q

Phospholipid

A

a lipid molecule composed of two fatty acid chains, a glycerol backbone, and a phosphate group.

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19
Q

Plasma membrane regulates…

A

the passage of some substances, preventing from entering, bring in and removing

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20
Q

Nucleus:

A

contains chromatin, a nuclear envelope, and a nucleolus, as in an animal cell

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21
Q

Plastid:

A

stores pigments

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22
Q

Chloroplast

A

site of photosynthesis

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23
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

microtubules intermediate filaments microfilaments

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24
Q

Central Vacuole

A

filled with cell sap that maintains pressure against cell wall

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25
Q

Cell Wall

A

maintains cell shape

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26
Q

Plasmodesmata:

A

channels connect two plant cells

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27
Q

Glycoprotein

A

protein with carbohydrate attached

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28
Q

Glycolipid

A

lipid with carbohydrate attached

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29
Q

Plasma membrane is

A

a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

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30
Q

What cells are found in intestine?

A

cells with fingerlike projections called microvilli

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31
Q

Celiac disease is….?

A

an immune response to gluten, where microvilli get damaged

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32
Q

What does the cytoplasm comprise?

A

the contents of a cell between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope

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33
Q

What is the cytoplasm made up of?

A

organelles, the cytoskeleton, and various chemicals

34
Q

What are flagella?

A

long, hair-like structures that extend from the plasma membrane and are used to move an entire cell

35
Q

Name an example of a flagella

A

Sperm

36
Q

What are cilia?

A

short haired structure used to move entire cells or substance along the outer surface

37
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

houses the cell’s DNA in the form of chromatin and directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins

38
Q

What is chromatin?

A

a mixture of DNA and proteins taht form the chromosomes in cells

39
Q

What does the nucleolus do?

A

produce and assemble the cells’s ribosomes

40
Q

Nuclear envelope in simple definition

A

the outermost boundary of the nucleus

41
Q

what does the nuclear envelope consist of?

A

two phospholipid bilayers - an outermembrane and an inner membrane

42
Q

What does the plasma membrane consist of?

A

only one phospholipid bilayer

43
Q

What type of membrane structure is the nuclear envelope?

A

a double-membrane structure

44
Q

What is the nuclear envelope punctuated with…?

A

pores that control the passage of ions, molecules, and RNA between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm.

45
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

a structure within the nucleus that is made up of DNA

46
Q

Chromatin

A

the combination of DNA and proteins

47
Q

The ER is…?

A

a series of interconnected membranous tubules that collectively modify proteins and synthesize lipids.

48
Q

What’s attached to the Rough ER’s surface?

A

Ribosomes

49
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

synthesize proteins

50
Q

Does the Rough ER make phospholipids for the cell membranes? Y or N?

A

Yes

51
Q

Is the Rought ER engaged in modifying proteins that will secreted from the cell? Y or N?

A

Yes

52
Q

What’s makes the smooth ER different from the RER?

A

it has few or no ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface

53
Q

What are the functions of the smooth ER?

A

synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids and steroid hormones; detoxifying; alcohol metabolism; storage of Ca ions.

54
Q

What does the golgi apparatus do with the vesicles from the ER?

A

it sorts, tags, packages and distributes lipids and proteins

55
Q

Describe the Golgi apparatus aka Golgi body.

A

a series of flattened membranous sacs.

56
Q

Lysosomes

A

cell’s garbage disposal

57
Q

What do lysosomes break down?

A

proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even worn-out organelles.

58
Q

What are vesicles and vacuoles?

A

membrane-bound sacs that function in storage and transport.

59
Q

What are vacuoles?

A

organelle responsible for holding waste materials

60
Q

What is the purpose of a vesicle.

A

To transport proteins or materials, or take in substance form the outside into the internal cell

61
Q

What is the endomembrane system?

A

a group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that works together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins.

62
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

enzyme complexes responsible for protein synthesis

63
Q

where are ribosomes attached?

A

cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane or endoplasmic reticulum

64
Q

What are mitochondria in simple terms?

A

powerhouses that make adenosine triphosphate

65
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

the formation of ATP from breakdown of glucose

66
Q

The inner layer of mitochondria have folds called?

A

Cristae

67
Q

The area surrounded by the Cristae is called?

A

Mitochondria matrix

68
Q

What do animals cells have that plant cells don’t?

A

Centrioles, centrosomes, and lysosomes.

69
Q

What do plant cells have that animal cells don’t have?

A

Cell wall, chloroplasts, plasmodesmata, and plastids, and centra vacuole

70
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

a rigid covering that protect the cell, provides structural support, and gives shape to the cell. Fungal and protist cells

71
Q

What is the chief component of prokaryotic cell walls?

A

Peptidoglycan

72
Q

The major organic molecule in the plant cell was is…?

A

cellulose

73
Q

How are chloroplasts similar to mitochondria?

A

they have DNA and ribosomes, they have outer and inner membranes

74
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

a set of interconnected and stacked fluid filled membrane sacs which is part of the chloroplasts inner membrane

75
Q

Each stack of thylakoids is called a..?

A

Granum (grana pl.)

76
Q

The fluid enclosed by the inner membrane and surrounding the grana is called the…?

A

stroma

77
Q

What is cholorphyll?

A

a green pigment in chloroplasts

78
Q

What does chlorophyll do?

A

captures the energy of sunlight for photosynthesis

79
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

two separate species live in close proximity and exhibit specific adaptations for each other

80
Q

What is endosymbiosis?

A

a relationship where one organism lives insider the other

81
Q

Who is Lynn Margulis

A

proposed of endosymbiotic theory

82
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory

A

Organelles originated from separate organisms.

Biology (18 decks)

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