Exam 3_Openstax Chapter 5

Question 1

Mesophyll

Answer 1

the middle layer of a leaf where photosynthesis takes place.

Question 2

Stomata

Answer 2

where gas exchange of CO2 and oxygen takes place

Question 3

Photosynthesis in all autotrophic eukaryotes take place in the …?

Answer 3

Chloroplast

Question 4

Thylakoids

Question 5

Granum

Question 6

Stroma

Question 7

Are stomata located on the upper epidermis or lower epidermis?

Answer 7

Lower

Question 8

Photosynthesis takes place in two stages:

Answer 8

the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle.

Question 9

What happens in light-dependent reactions.

Answer 9

takes place in thylakoid membrane, chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight and then converts it into chemical energy with the use of water.

Question 10

What is the by product of the light dependent reaction?

Answer 10

oxygen, from the hydrolysis of water as a byproduct

Question 11

Where does the Calvin cycle take place?

Answer 11

The stroma

Question 12

What happens in the Calvin cycle?

Answer 12

the chemical energy derived from the light-dependent reactions drives both the capture of carbon in carbon dioxide molecules and the subsequent assembly of sugar molecules.

Question 13

What do the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle use to transport the energy from one to the other?

Answer 13

carrier molecules

Question 14

Wavelength

Answer 14

distance between two similar points in a wave, like crest to crest

Question 15

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Answer 15

the range of all possible wavelength of radiation.

Question 16

What kind of light do pigment molecules absorb in photosynthesis?

Answer 16

Visible light

Question 17

Do pigments absorb or reflect the color of light they cannot absorb?

Answer 17

they reflect

Question 18

Chlorophylla à

Answer 18

green color, most common pigment in photosynthetic organisms

Question 19

What colors do chlorophyll a absorb?

Answer 19

blue and red

Question 20

What kind of light does Chlorophyll b absorb?

Answer 20

blue and red-orange light

Question 21

Absorption Spectrum

Answer 21

the color of light that a type of pigment absorbs

Question 22

The light dependent reaction creates energy that is used to make what in the Calvin cycle?

Answer 22

Sugar molecules

Question 23

What are the photosystems composed of?

Answer 23

pigment molecules and proteins

Question 24

Where do photosystems exist?

Answer 24

membranes of thylakoids

Question 25

How many photons is absorbed by a pigment molecule in the photosystem?

Answer 25

1

Question 26

What is considered a packet of light energy in a photsystem?

Answer 26

a photon

Question 27

Where does photon travel to?

Answer 27

a molecule of chlorophyll

Question 28

After a photon excites an electron in chlorophyll, what happens?

Answer 28

Chlorophyll donates an electron

Question 29

what is the purpose of light-dependent reactions?

Answer 29

to convert solar energy into chemical carriers used in the Calvin cycle

Question 30

how many photosystems exist in eukarya and prokarya?

Answer 30

2

Question 31

when photon hits, photosystem 2 transfers the free electron to the...

Answer 31

electron transport chain

Question 32

Where do hydrogen ions move from?

Answer 32

From the Stroma into the thylakoid space.

Question 33

Where does the electron finally get accepted to after fueling the membrane hydrogen pumps.

Answer 33

a pigment molecule in the next photosystem, which is photosystem 1

Question 34

From photosystem II, the electron travels along...?

Answer 34

a series of proteins

Question 35

In light dependent reactions, energy absorbed by sunlight is stored by two types of energy-carrier molecules, what are they?

Answer 35

ATP and NADPH

Question 36

Energy is store in a bond for ATP, what molecule is ATP bonded to?

Answer 36

phosphate group

Question 37

Energy is store in a bond for NADPH, what molecule is NADPH bonded to?

Answer 37

hydrogen atom

Question 38

What part of photosynthesis do ATP and NADPH release their bonds?

Answer 38

The Calvin Cycle

Question 39

What do ATP and NADPH tranform into after releasing their energy in the Calvin cycle.

Answer 39

ADP and NADP^+

Question 40

What is the chemiosmosis?

Answer 40

the flow of hydrogen ions through ATP synthase

Question 41

What is photophorylation

Answer 41

the process of attaching a third phosphate to ADP

Question 42

After the hydrogen ions pass throught the thylakoid membrane, where do they pass through next?

Answer 42

the embedded protein complex called ATP synthase

Question 43

When the electron arrives at photosystem 1, it re-energnized by another ___?

Answer 43

proton

Question 44

After the electron has been re-energized by a proton in photosystem 1, what happens?

Answer 44

Formation of NADPH

Question 45

What for is ATP and NADPH made in photosynthesis used for?

Answer 45

the formation of carbohydrate molecules

Question 46

Define the Calvin cycle:

Answer 46

the reaction of photosynthesis used to form glucose and other carbs

Question 47

CO2 enters the leaf through what part of the leaf?

Answer 47

the stomata

Question 48

After the CO2 passes through the stomata where do they go next?

Answer 48

Into the mesophyll cells and then the stroma of the chloroplasts

Question 49

What is the site of the Calvin cycle where sugar are synthesized?

Answer 49

the chloroplasts

Question 50

What are the three basic stages of the Calvin cycle?

Answer 50

fixation, reduction, and regeneration

Question 51

What other chemicals in the stroma beside CO2 are present in the Calvin cycle?

Answer 51

RuBisCO and RuBP

Question 52

What does RuBP stand for?

Answer 52

the molecule ribulose bisphosphate

Question 53

What atoms is RuBP composed of?

Answer 53

five atoms of carbon and a phosphate group on each end

Question 54

RuBisCO catalyzes a reaction what?

Answer 54

Between CO2 and RuBP

Question 55

CO2 and RuBP form what?

Answer 55

a six carbon compound that is then turned to three carbon compounds

Question 56

What process is called carbon fixation?

Answer 56

when the six carbon is immediated turned into three carbon compounds

Question 57

Why is it called carbon fixation?

Answer 57

because CO2 is fixed from being inorganic to organic molecules

Question 58

What is the 3 carbon compound int eh Calvin cycle called?

Answer 58

3-PGA

Question 59

what happens to 3-PGA?

Answer 59

it's converted to another carbon compound called G3P

Question 60

What molecules are use to converter 3-PGA into it's next carbon compound?

Answer 60

ATP and NADPH

Question 61

What type of reaction is called the reduction reaction?

Answer 61

the conversion of 3-PGA to G3P

Question 62

Why is it called the reduction reaction in the calvin cycle?

Answer 62

because ADP and NAD+ form and therefore need to be re-energized

Question 63

How many turns of the Calvin cycle to fix six carbon atoms from CO2?

Answer 63

six turns

Question 64

The six turns in the Calvin cycle require how many molecules of ATP and NADPH?

Answer 64

12 ATP and 12 NADPH in reduction, and 6 ATP in the regeneration step.