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Biology > Exam 3_Openstax Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Exam 3_Openstax Chapter 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mesophyll

A

the middle layer of a leaf where photosynthesis takes place.

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2
Q

Stomata

A

where gas exchange of CO2 and oxygen takes place

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3
Q

Photosynthesis in all autotrophic eukaryotes take place in the …?

A

Chloroplast

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4
Q

Thylakoids

A
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5
Q

Granum

A
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6
Q

Stroma

A
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7
Q

Are stomata located on the upper epidermis or lower epidermis?

A

Lower

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8
Q

Photosynthesis takes place in two stages:

A

the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle.

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9
Q

What happens in light-dependent reactions.

A

takes place in thylakoid membrane, chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight and then converts it into chemical energy with the use of water.

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10
Q

What is the by product of the light dependent reaction?

A

oxygen, from the hydrolysis of water as a byproduct

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11
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle take place?

A

The stroma

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12
Q

What happens in the Calvin cycle?

A

the chemical energy derived from the light-dependent reactions drives both the capture of carbon in carbon dioxide molecules and the subsequent assembly of sugar molecules.

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13
Q

What do the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle use to transport the energy from one to the other?

A

carrier molecules

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14
Q

Wavelength

A

distance between two similar points in a wave, like crest to crest

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15
Q

Electromagnetic Spectrum

A

the range of all possible wavelength of radiation.

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16
Q

What kind of light do pigment molecules absorb in photosynthesis?

A

Visible light

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17
Q

Do pigments absorb or reflect the color of light they cannot absorb?

A

they reflect

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18
Q

Chlorophylla à

A

green color, most common pigment in photosynthetic organisms

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19
Q

What colors do chlorophyll a absorb?

A

blue and red

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20
Q

What kind of light does Chlorophyll b absorb?

A

blue and red-orange light

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21
Q

Absorption Spectrum

A

the color of light that a type of pigment absorbs

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22
Q

The light dependent reaction creates energy that is used to make what in the Calvin cycle?

A

Sugar molecules

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23
Q

What are the photosystems composed of?

A

pigment molecules and proteins

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24
Q

Where do photosystems exist?

A

membranes of thylakoids

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25
Q

How many photons is absorbed by a pigment molecule in the photosystem?

A

1

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26
Q

What is considered a packet of light energy in a photsystem?

A

a photon

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27
Q

Where does photon travel to?

A

a molecule of chlorophyll

28
Q

After a photon excites an electron in chlorophyll, what happens?

A

Chlorophyll donates an electron

29
Q

what is the purpose of light-dependent reactions?

A

to convert solar energy into chemical carriers used in the Calvin cycle

30
Q

how many photosystems exist in eukarya and prokarya?

A

2

31
Q

when photon hits, photosystem 2 transfers the free electron to the…

A

electron transport chain

32
Q

Where do hydrogen ions move from?

A

From the Stroma into the thylakoid space.

33
Q

Where does the electron finally get accepted to after fueling the membrane hydrogen pumps.

A

a pigment molecule in the next photosystem, which is photosystem 1

34
Q

From photosystem II, the electron travels along…?

A

a series of proteins

35
Q

In light dependent reactions, energy absorbed by sunlight is stored by two types of energy-carrier molecules, what are they?

A

ATP and NADPH

36
Q

Energy is store in a bond for ATP, what molecule is ATP bonded to?

A

phosphate group

37
Q

Energy is store in a bond for NADPH, what molecule is NADPH bonded to?

A

hydrogen atom

38
Q

What part of photosynthesis do ATP and NADPH release their bonds?

A

The Calvin Cycle

39
Q

What do ATP and NADPH tranform into after releasing their energy in the Calvin cycle.

A

ADP and NADP^+

40
Q

What is the chemiosmosis?

A

the flow of hydrogen ions through ATP synthase

41
Q

What is photophorylation

A

the process of attaching a third phosphate to ADP

42
Q

After the hydrogen ions pass throught the thylakoid membrane, where do they pass through next?

A

the embedded protein complex called ATP synthase

43
Q

When the electron arrives at photosystem 1, it re-energnized by another ___?

A

proton

44
Q

After the electron has been re-energized by a proton in photosystem 1, what happens?

A

Formation of NADPH

45
Q

What for is ATP and NADPH made in photosynthesis used for?

A

the formation of carbohydrate molecules

46
Q

Define the Calvin cycle:

A

the reaction of photosynthesis used to form glucose and other carbs

47
Q

CO2 enters the leaf through what part of the leaf?

A

the stomata

48
Q

After the CO2 passes through the stomata where do they go next?

A

Into the mesophyll cells and then the stroma of the chloroplasts

49
Q

What is the site of the Calvin cycle where sugar are synthesized?

A

the chloroplasts

50
Q

What are the three basic stages of the Calvin cycle?

A

fixation, reduction, and regeneration

51
Q

What other chemicals in the stroma beside CO2 are present in the Calvin cycle?

A

RuBisCO and RuBP

52
Q

What does RuBP stand for?

A

the molecule ribulose bisphosphate

53
Q

What atoms is RuBP composed of?

A

five atoms of carbon and a phosphate group on each end

54
Q

RuBisCO catalyzes a reaction what?

A

Between CO2 and RuBP

55
Q

CO2 and RuBP form what?

A

a six carbon compound that is then turned to three carbon compounds

56
Q

What process is called carbon fixation?

A

when the six carbon is immediated turned into three carbon compounds

57
Q

Why is it called carbon fixation?

A

because CO2 is fixed from being inorganic to organic molecules

58
Q

What is the 3 carbon compound int eh Calvin cycle called?

A

3-PGA

59
Q

what happens to 3-PGA?

A

it’s converted to another carbon compound called G3P

60
Q

What molecules are use to converter 3-PGA into it’s next carbon compound?

A

ATP and NADPH

61
Q

What type of reaction is called the reduction reaction?

A

the conversion of 3-PGA to G3P

62
Q

Why is it called the reduction reaction in the calvin cycle?

A

because ADP and NAD+ form and therefore need to be re-energized

63
Q

How many turns of the Calvin cycle to fix six carbon atoms from CO2?

A

six turns

64
Q

The six turns in the Calvin cycle require how many molecules of ATP and NADPH?

A

12 ATP and 12 NADPH in reduction, and 6 ATP in the regeneration step.

65
Q
A

Biology (29 decks)

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