Exam 3_Vascular Plant Structure, Growth, and Development go to page 764, 765 Flashcards
Campbell 12edition Biology
Leaves
provide surface area for absorbing sunlight and exchanging gases
Stems
support and elevate leaves, maximizing photosynthesis
What are the organs of vascular plants?
leaves, stems, roots
Dermal tissue
protects organs
Vascular tissue
provides support and transports resources
Ground Tissue
includes cells that carry out photosynthesis and stores sugars
What are the tissue level of vascular plants
Dermal tissue, vascular tissue, ground tissue
What are photosynthetic cells?
contain chloroplasts that convert sunlight to chemical energy
Tube-shaped cells
transport resources, carries water and minerals and sugars
Cells with root hairs
near the tips of roots, increase the surface area for absorbing water and minerals
What are examples of nonreproductive growth of plants?
roots, stems, and leaves
What are the two groups of angiosperms?
eudicots and monocots
What are angiosperms reproductive growth?
flowers, seeds, and fruits
Plants, like most animals are composed of:
cells, tissues, and organs
As terrestrial organisms, plants have to draw from two very different environments which are:
below and above the ground
Plants must absorb water from below ground?
water and minerals
Plants must absorb what from above ground?
CO2 and light
What are the 3 basic organs of plants?
roots, stems and leaves
What two systems are formed by the organs of plants?
root system and shoot system
what are photosynthates?
sugars and other carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis
What are photosynthates used for
feeding the roots for energy
what is a root?
an organ that anchors a vascular plant in the soil, and often stores carbs and other reserves
What is the first root to emerge from a geminating seed?
the primary root from a seed embryo
What is the purpose of lateral roots?
enhances the anchoring system and the absorption of water and minerals
what is the taproot?
one main vertical root, a part of the taproot system, that develops from the primary root
What’s the main purpose of the taproot system?
anchors the plant in the soil, makes plant grow taller, and also food storage aka carrots
Small vascular plants have a trailing growth habit that is anchored by a ___?
fibrous root system
Which type of angiosperms have mostly fibrous root systems?
monocots
What happens to the primary root early on in these fibrous root systems?
dies off
In most plants the absorption of water and minerals occurs where?
Primarily near the tips of elongating roots with root hairs
What are mycorrhizal associations?
symbiotic relationships with soil fungi that increase a plant’s ability to absorb minerals
What does adventitious mean?
a plant organ that grows in an unusual location
What are Pneumatophores
air roots, projecting above surface at low tide
Buttress roots
large, wide roots that grow from the base of a tree to provide mechanical support and stabilize the tree
Stem
a plant organ bearing leaves and buds
what is the chief function of a stem?
to elongate/orient the shoot in a way that maximizes photosynthesis; helps elevate reproductive structures
Nodes
the point of which leaves are attached
Internodes
the stem segments between the nodes
Apical Bud
the growing shoot tip
Axillary Bud
formed by each leaf and stem, that forms a lateral branch, flower or thorn
Rhizomes:
a horizontal shoot growing below surface
Stolons
horizontal shoots that grow along the surface ex. strawberry plant runners
Tubers
enlarged ends of rhizomes or stolons, storing food
What are the eyes of potatoes?
clusters of axillary buds
Leaf
the main photosynthetic organ
A leaf consists of a…?
flattened blade and a stalk, the petiole
What is the petiole
the stack of the leaf
What do leaves in addition do?
exchange gases, dissipate heat, and defend themselves
How do monocots and eudicots differ?
By the veins
What are veins of plants?
the vascular tissue of leaves
What type of veins do monocots have?
parallel major veins equal diameter
What type of veins do eudicots have?
branched network of veins, from a major center vein
What is the major center vein of a leaf called?
The midrib
What does a simple leaf consist of?
a single leaf blade
What is a compound leaf?
blade consists of multiple leaflets
Are leaflets associated with Axillary bud?
No
What are tendrils?
modified leaves (and even stems, grapevine) that coil once it finds support
What are the spines of cacti?
modified leaves
Where are the leaves of onion bulbs?
The layers of onions are modified leaves!
reproductive leaves work by __?
plantlets falling off leaf taking root in soil
What are sporophylls?
leaves highly specialized for sexual reproduction (carpels, stamen)
What are the 3 vascular plant organs?
roots, stems and leaves
What are the 3 plant tissue types?
dermal, vascular , and ground tissue
tissue system
connecting all organs
Dermal tissue
outer protective covering of the plant
Vascular tissue system
transports materials between the root and shoot systems
The ground tissue is located between the __?
dermal tissue and the vascular tissue
Epidermis
a layer of tightly packed cells, in nonwoody plants
Cuticle
waxy epidermal coating, preventing water loss
Periderm
woody plant protective tissue
In addition to protection, epidermis has __?
specialized cells
What are guard cells?
specialized epidermal cells involved in gas exchange
Trichomes
epidermal outgrowth cells defend against insects
What are the functions of the vascular tissue?
transport materials and mechanical support
Two types of vascular tissue
Xylem and Phloem
Xylem
conducts water and minerals (roots to shoots)
Phloem
transports sugars (leaves to roots/fruits/growth)
Vascular tissue of root or stem is collectively called __? hint: combines xylem and phloem
stele
In angiosperms, the stele is a ____ for roots
solider central vascular cylinder
In angiosperms, the stems and leaves consist of ____ strands containing xylem and phloem
vascular bundles, separate
What is Ground Tissue compared with others?
neither dermal, nor vascular
Pith:
ground tissue that is internal to vascular tissue
Cortex
ground tissue that is external to vascular tissue
Why is ground tissue essential?
specialized cells like storage, photosynthetic, support and transport
What is cell differentiation?
become specialized in structure and function during course of development
What are the two types of sclerenchyma cells?
sclereids and fibers
Sclereids
irregular in shape, very thick lignified secondary walls, boxier than fiberes
Fibers
grouped in strands, long, slender, tapered, sclerenchyma cells
Two types of water conducting cells?
tracheids and vessel elements
Where do tracheids occur?
xylem of all plants
What are vessel elements:
tubular, elongated cells that are dead and lignified at functional maturity
What are tracheids?
long, thin cells with tapered ends
What’s the purpose of pits
water moves from cell to cell
The ____ walls of tracheids and vessel elements are hardened with lignin.
secondary
How is xylem different to phloem?
Phloem are alive functional maturity compared to the dead xylem.
What type of plants use sieve cells?
seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms
What sleve-tube elements?
chan of cells that make up sieve tubes
Sieve plates
the end walls between sieve-tube elements, that have pores that facilitate the flow
Plasmodesmata
connects the companion cell to the sieve-tube element
What do companion cells do?
serve as nucleus and ribosomes and transporting sugars
Indeterminate Growth
growth can occur whenever and throughout a plants life
Meristems
undifferentiated tissues
Determinate growth
stop growing after a certain size (plant organs, and animals)
Two types of meristems:
apical meristem and lateral meristem
Apical Meristem
enable primary growth, located at root and shoot tips
What is primary growth
growth in length
