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Biology > Exam 3_Vascular Plant Structure, Growth, and Development go to page 764, 765 > Flashcards

Exam 3_Vascular Plant Structure, Growth, and Development go to page 764, 765 Flashcards

Campbell 12edition Biology

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1
Q

Leaves

A

provide surface area for absorbing sunlight and exchanging gases

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2
Q

Stems

A

support and elevate leaves, maximizing photosynthesis

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3
Q

What are the organs of vascular plants?

A

leaves, stems, roots

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4
Q

Dermal tissue

A

protects organs

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5
Q

Vascular tissue

A

provides support and transports resources

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6
Q

Ground Tissue

A

includes cells that carry out photosynthesis and stores sugars

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7
Q

What are the tissue level of vascular plants

A

Dermal tissue, vascular tissue, ground tissue

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8
Q

What are photosynthetic cells?

A

contain chloroplasts that convert sunlight to chemical energy

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9
Q

Tube-shaped cells

A

transport resources, carries water and minerals and sugars

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10
Q

Cells with root hairs

A

near the tips of roots, increase the surface area for absorbing water and minerals

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11
Q

What are examples of nonreproductive growth of plants?

A

roots, stems, and leaves

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12
Q

What are the two groups of angiosperms?

A

eudicots and monocots

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13
Q

What are angiosperms reproductive growth?

A

flowers, seeds, and fruits

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14
Q

Plants, like most animals are composed of:

A

cells, tissues, and organs

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15
Q

As terrestrial organisms, plants have to draw from two very different environments which are:

A

below and above the ground

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16
Q

Plants must absorb water from below ground?

A

water and minerals

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17
Q

Plants must absorb what from above ground?

A

CO2 and light

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18
Q

What are the 3 basic organs of plants?

A

roots, stems and leaves

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19
Q

What two systems are formed by the organs of plants?

A

root system and shoot system

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20
Q

what are photosynthates?

A

sugars and other carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis

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21
Q

What are photosynthates used for

A

feeding the roots for energy

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22
Q

what is a root?

A

an organ that anchors a vascular plant in the soil, and often stores carbs and other reserves

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23
Q

What is the first root to emerge from a geminating seed?

A

the primary root from a seed embryo

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24
Q

What is the purpose of lateral roots?

A

enhances the anchoring system and the absorption of water and minerals

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25
Q

what is the taproot?

A

one main vertical root, a part of the taproot system, that develops from the primary root

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26
Q

What’s the main purpose of the taproot system?

A

anchors the plant in the soil, makes plant grow taller, and also food storage aka carrots

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27
Q

Small vascular plants have a trailing growth habit that is anchored by a ___?

A

fibrous root system

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28
Q

Which type of angiosperms have mostly fibrous root systems?

A

monocots

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29
Q

What happens to the primary root early on in these fibrous root systems?

A

dies off

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30
Q

In most plants the absorption of water and minerals occurs where?

A

Primarily near the tips of elongating roots with root hairs

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31
Q

What are mycorrhizal associations?

A

symbiotic relationships with soil fungi that increase a plant’s ability to absorb minerals

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32
Q

What does adventitious mean?

A

a plant organ that grows in an unusual location

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33
Q

What are Pneumatophores

A

air roots, projecting above surface at low tide

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34
Q

Buttress roots

A

large, wide roots that grow from the base of a tree to provide mechanical support and stabilize the tree

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35
Q

Stem

A

a plant organ bearing leaves and buds

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36
Q

what is the chief function of a stem?

A

to elongate/orient the shoot in a way that maximizes photosynthesis; helps elevate reproductive structures

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37
Q

Nodes

A

the point of which leaves are attached

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38
Q

Internodes

A

the stem segments between the nodes

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39
Q

Apical Bud

A

the growing shoot tip

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40
Q

Axillary Bud

A

formed by each leaf and stem, that forms a lateral branch, flower or thorn

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41
Q

Rhizomes:

A

a horizontal shoot growing below surface

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42
Q

Stolons

A

horizontal shoots that grow along the surface ex. strawberry plant runners

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43
Q

Tubers

A

enlarged ends of rhizomes or stolons, storing food

44
Q

What are the eyes of potatoes?

A

clusters of axillary buds

45
Q

Leaf

A

the main photosynthetic organ

46
Q

A leaf consists of a…?

A

flattened blade and a stalk, the petiole

47
Q

What is the petiole

A

the stack of the leaf

48
Q

What do leaves in addition do?

A

exchange gases, dissipate heat, and defend themselves

49
Q

How do monocots and eudicots differ?

A

By the veins

50
Q

What are veins of plants?

A

the vascular tissue of leaves

51
Q

What type of veins do monocots have?

A

parallel major veins equal diameter

52
Q

What type of veins do eudicots have?

A

branched network of veins, from a major center vein

53
Q

What is the major center vein of a leaf called?

A

The midrib

54
Q

What does a simple leaf consist of?

A

a single leaf blade

55
Q

What is a compound leaf?

A

blade consists of multiple leaflets

56
Q

Are leaflets associated with Axillary bud?

A

No

57
Q

What are tendrils?

A

modified leaves (and even stems, grapevine) that coil once it finds support

58
Q

What are the spines of cacti?

A

modified leaves

59
Q

Where are the leaves of onion bulbs?

A

The layers of onions are modified leaves!

60
Q

reproductive leaves work by __?

A

plantlets falling off leaf taking root in soil

61
Q

What are sporophylls?

A

leaves highly specialized for sexual reproduction (carpels, stamen)

62
Q

What are the 3 vascular plant organs?

A

roots, stems and leaves

63
Q

What are the 3 plant tissue types?

A

dermal, vascular , and ground tissue

64
Q

tissue system

A

connecting all organs

65
Q

Dermal tissue

A

outer protective covering of the plant

66
Q

Vascular tissue system

A

transports materials between the root and shoot systems

67
Q

The ground tissue is located between the __?

A

dermal tissue and the vascular tissue

68
Q

Epidermis

A

a layer of tightly packed cells, in nonwoody plants

69
Q

Cuticle

A

waxy epidermal coating, preventing water loss

70
Q

Periderm

A

woody plant protective tissue

71
Q

In addition to protection, epidermis has __?

A

specialized cells

72
Q

What are guard cells?

A

specialized epidermal cells involved in gas exchange

73
Q

Trichomes

A

epidermal outgrowth cells defend against insects

74
Q

What are the functions of the vascular tissue?

A

transport materials and mechanical support

75
Q

Two types of vascular tissue

A

Xylem and Phloem

76
Q

Xylem

A

conducts water and minerals (roots to shoots)

77
Q

Phloem

A

transports sugars (leaves to roots/fruits/growth)

78
Q

Vascular tissue of root or stem is collectively called __? hint: combines xylem and phloem

A

stele

79
Q

In angiosperms, the stele is a ____ for roots

A

solider central vascular cylinder

80
Q

In angiosperms, the stems and leaves consist of ____ strands containing xylem and phloem

A

vascular bundles, separate

81
Q

What is Ground Tissue compared with others?

A

neither dermal, nor vascular

82
Q

Pith:

A

ground tissue that is internal to vascular tissue

83
Q

Cortex

A

ground tissue that is external to vascular tissue

84
Q

Why is ground tissue essential?

A

specialized cells like storage, photosynthetic, support and transport

85
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

become specialized in structure and function during course of development

86
Q

What are the two types of sclerenchyma cells?

A

sclereids and fibers

87
Q

Sclereids

A

irregular in shape, very thick lignified secondary walls, boxier than fiberes

88
Q

Fibers

A

grouped in strands, long, slender, tapered, sclerenchyma cells

89
Q

Two types of water conducting cells?

A

tracheids and vessel elements

90
Q

Where do tracheids occur?

A

xylem of all plants

91
Q

What are vessel elements:

A

tubular, elongated cells that are dead and lignified at functional maturity

92
Q

What are tracheids?

A

long, thin cells with tapered ends

93
Q

What’s the purpose of pits

A

water moves from cell to cell

94
Q

The ____ walls of tracheids and vessel elements are hardened with lignin.

A

secondary

95
Q

How is xylem different to phloem?

A

Phloem are alive functional maturity compared to the dead xylem.

96
Q

What type of plants use sieve cells?

A

seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms

97
Q

What sleve-tube elements?

A

chan of cells that make up sieve tubes

98
Q

Sieve plates

A

the end walls between sieve-tube elements, that have pores that facilitate the flow

99
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

connects the companion cell to the sieve-tube element

100
Q

What do companion cells do?

A

serve as nucleus and ribosomes and transporting sugars

101
Q

Indeterminate Growth

A

growth can occur whenever and throughout a plants life

102
Q

Meristems

A

undifferentiated tissues

103
Q

Determinate growth

A

stop growing after a certain size (plant organs, and animals)

104
Q

Two types of meristems:

A

apical meristem and lateral meristem

105
Q

Apical Meristem

A

enable primary growth, located at root and shoot tips

106
Q

What is primary growth

A

growth in length

107
Q
A

Biology (29 decks)

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