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Optional Readings Flashcards

1
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

two or more atoms share electrons; do not associate in water

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2
Q

Two types of covalent bonds:

A

polar and nonpolar

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3
Q

How do nonpolar covalent bonds form?

A

]when two atoms of the same element or between different elements that share the electrons equally. ex O2, N2, CH4

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4
Q

How do polar covalent bonds form?

A

when electrons are shared unequally, as one atom exerts a stronger force of attraction on the electrons that the other. Ex. H2O, HF, SO2

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5
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

Weak bonds produced by water molecules which allows ionic compounds and polar molecules to dissolve in.

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6
Q

What is a solvent?

A

a substance capable of dissolving another substance

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7
Q

A positively charged sodium atom in water will attract to the?

A

Negative charge of the oxygen atoms.

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8
Q

What are hydration shells?

A

the spheres of hydration that occur when NaCl is dissolved with polar water molecules

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9
Q

what is adhesion

A

the attraction between water molecules and other molecules. Ex, water in straw, water in plants

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10
Q

what is cohesion?

A

when water molecules are attracted to each other keeping molecules together at the liquid-air interface

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11
Q

What is surface tension?

A

the capacity of a substance to withstand rupture when placed under tension or stress; relates to cohesion

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12
Q
A
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13
Q

A change in two units on the pH scale equals?

A

A factor of 100

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14
Q

What does the pH scale measure?

A

The amount of hydrogen ions in a substance

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15
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

macromolecules, provide energy to body through glucose

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16
Q

what is the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen in carb molecules?

A

1:2:1

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17
Q

What are the three subtypes of Carb molecules:

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

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18
Q

Monosaccharides exist as a..?

A

linear chain or as ring shaped molecules

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19
Q

Monosaccharides are usually found in aqueous solutions in the ?

A

ring form.

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20
Q

Chemical formula for glucose?

A

C6H12O6

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21
Q

What are isomers

A

each of two or more compounds with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule and different properties.

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22
Q

what are lipids?

A

hydrophobic, nonpolar molecules, hydrocarbons including nonpolar carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds

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23
Q

What are the components of a triglyceride molecule?

A

glycerol and fatty acids

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24
Q

what is glcerol?

A

organic compound with 3 C atoms, 5 H atoms and 3 OH groups

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25
the range of Carbon atoms in fatty acid =
4 to 36
26
Fatty acids may either be
saturated or unsaturated
27
What makes a saturated fat molecules?
if there are only single bonds between neighboring carbons in the hydrocarbon chain; aka saturated with hydrogen
28
what causes a fatty acid to be unsaturated?
when the hydrocarbon chain contains a double bond
29
One double bond in a fatty acid molecules =
monounsaturated
30
more than one doubgle bond in fatt acid =
polyunsaturated
31
Are unsaturated fats liquid or solid at room temperature?
liquid.
32
3 Examples of animal fats:
stearic acid, palmitic acid, and butyric acid
33
Where so mammals store fat?
Adipocytes
34
what kind of bond is unsaturated fats?
double bond, makes kink, therefore a liquid
35
What are proteins?
20 different amino acids that can form chains of these
36
Proteins can function as
enzymes or hormones
37
What are enzymes
catalysts in biochemical reactions and are usually proteins
38
Examples of enzyme
salivary amylase
39
What are hormones?
chemical signaling molecules usually proteins or steroids
40
what can cause protein to denature
Temperature, pH, and chemicals
41
What are amino acids?
monomers that make up protein
42
What does each amino acid contain?
central carbon atom bonded to amino group, carboxyl group and hydrogen atom
43
What causes each amino acid type to be different?
The R group, which every amino acid has a variable atom of group of atoms
44
Examples of amino acids:
`alanine, valine, lysine and aspartic acid
45
what is a peptide bond?
where each amino acid is atached to another by covalent bond
46
How is a peptide bond formed?
by dehydration reaction where a carboxy group combine with amino group of another
47
What are polypeptides?
a polymer of amino acids, thus leading to a protein
48
Proteins consist of what kinds of groups?
Amino group, carboxyl group and r group
49
Protein shape determines...?
function.
50
What happens if you change shape of protein?
you change the function
51
when you change pH or temperature what happens to protein?
unravels; therefore no longer functions
52
what is denaturation?
unfolding or breaking up of protein
53
what are monosaccahrides?
simple sugars like glucose, fructose and galactose
54
What are disaccharides?
2 monosaccharides linked together like sucrose, lactose and maltose
55
what are polysaccarides?
a carb molecules consisting of many sugar molecules bonded; 3 or more monosarccharides
56
How many bonds does a saturated fat have?
They are fatty acids with single bonds between carbon pairs
57
How many bonds in unsaturated fat?
they are fatty acids containing double bonds between one or more carbon atoms
58
5 reasons Fat are good
9 calories, good storage, cushion, insulation, cholesterol, testo, estro, cell membranes
59
What are phospholipids?
consists of hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails; for cell membrane
60
what is the function of nucleic acids
information storagel
61
what does a nucleotide consist of
sugar, phosphate, and base
62
What are some examples of Nucleic acids?
DNA, RNA
63
Name two examples of disaccharides
Lactose, Sucrose
64
Name examples of polysaccharides:
starch, cellulose
65
Name examples of monosaccharides
glucose, fructose
66
Name examples of proteins
lactase, hemoglobin, amylase
67
Name at least 3 sources of Vitamin A
squash, papaya, eggs, peppers, fish, broccoli, meat
68
Name at least 3 sources of vitamin B
broccoli, mushroom, cheese, meats, beans, grains
69
Name at least 3 sources of vitamin C
tomatoes, cabbage, broccoli, kiwi, peppers, mangoes
70
Vitamin D sources name 3 ex
eggs, cheese, meat, peppers, yogurt, butter, egg yolk, fatty fish
71
Sources of calcium name 3
cheese, milk, beans, spinach, bok choy, broccoli, figs
72
sources of iron
chestnuts, almonds, salmon, meat, spinach, oysters, lentils, beans, cashew nuts
73
Function of the Urinary system
filter, remove nitrog waste, reabsorbs, regulates vol./pressure/pH, sugar, Ca lvl
74
What is the nephron
filtering units of the kidney
75
What are the parts of the digestive system
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestines, pancreas, liver, gall bladder
76
what is the scientific method:
method of research with defined steps that include experiments and careful observation
77
What is the scientific law
a description, often in the form of a mathematical formula, for the behavior of some aspect of nature under certain specific conditions
78
The four levels of proteins:
Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
79
What are nucleic acids:
molecules made p of repeating units of nucleotides that direct cellular activities such as cell division and protein synthesis
80
what nucleotides made up of?
pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group
81

Biology (32 decks)

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