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Optional Readings Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

two or more atoms share electrons; do not associate in water

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2
Q

Two types of covalent bonds:

A

polar and nonpolar

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3
Q

How do nonpolar covalent bonds form?

A

]when two atoms of the same element or between different elements that share the electrons equally. ex O2, N2, CH4

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4
Q

How do polar covalent bonds form?

A

when electrons are shared unequally, as one atom exerts a stronger force of attraction on the electrons that the other. Ex. H2O, HF, SO2

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5
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

Weak bonds produced by water molecules which allows ionic compounds and polar molecules to dissolve in.

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6
Q

What is a solvent?

A

a substance capable of dissolving another substance

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7
Q

A positively charged sodium atom in water will attract to the?

A

Negative charge of the oxygen atoms.

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8
Q

What are hydration shells?

A

the spheres of hydration that occur when NaCl is dissolved with polar water molecules

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9
Q

what is adhesion

A

the attraction between water molecules and other molecules. Ex, water in straw, water in plants

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10
Q

what is cohesion?

A

when water molecules are attracted to each other keeping molecules together at the liquid-air interface

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11
Q

What is surface tension?

A

the capacity of a substance to withstand rupture when placed under tension or stress; relates to cohesion

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12
Q
A
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13
Q

A change in two units on the pH scale equals?

A

A factor of 100

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14
Q

What does the pH scale measure?

A

The amount of hydrogen ions in a substance

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15
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

macromolecules, provide energy to body through glucose

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16
Q

what is the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen in carb molecules?

A

1:2:1

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17
Q

What are the three subtypes of Carb molecules:

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

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18
Q

Monosaccharides exist as a..?

A

linear chain or as ring shaped molecules

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19
Q

Monosaccharides are usually found in aqueous solutions in the ?

A

ring form.

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20
Q

Chemical formula for glucose?

A

C6H12O6

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21
Q

What are isomers

A

each of two or more compounds with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule and different properties.

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22
Q

what are lipids?

A

hydrophobic, nonpolar molecules, hydrocarbons including nonpolar carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds

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23
Q

What are the components of a triglyceride molecule?

A

glycerol and fatty acids

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24
Q

what is glcerol?

A

organic compound with 3 C atoms, 5 H atoms and 3 OH groups

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25
Q

the range of Carbon atoms in fatty acid =

A

4 to 36

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26
Q

Fatty acids may either be

A

saturated or unsaturated

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27
Q

What makes a saturated fat molecules?

A

if there are only single bonds between neighboring carbons in the hydrocarbon chain; aka saturated with hydrogen

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28
Q

what causes a fatty acid to be unsaturated?

A

when the hydrocarbon chain contains a double bond

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29
Q

One double bond in a fatty acid molecules =

A

monounsaturated

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30
Q

more than one doubgle bond in fatt acid =

A

polyunsaturated

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31
Q

Are unsaturated fats liquid or solid at room temperature?

A

liquid.

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32
Q

3 Examples of animal fats:

A

stearic acid, palmitic acid, and butyric acid

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33
Q

Where so mammals store fat?

A

Adipocytes

34
Q

what kind of bond is unsaturated fats?

A

double bond, makes kink, therefore a liquid

35
Q

What are proteins?

A

20 different amino acids that can form chains of these

36
Q

Proteins can function as

A

enzymes or hormones

37
Q

What are enzymes

A

catalysts in biochemical reactions and are usually proteins

38
Q

Examples of enzyme

A

salivary amylase

39
Q

What are hormones?

A

chemical signaling molecules usually proteins or steroids

40
Q

what can cause protein to denature

A

Temperature, pH, and chemicals

41
Q

What are amino acids?

A

monomers that make up protein

42
Q

What does each amino acid contain?

A

central carbon atom bonded to amino group, carboxyl group and hydrogen atom

43
Q

What causes each amino acid type to be different?

A

The R group, which every amino acid has a variable atom of group of atoms

44
Q

Examples of amino acids:

A

`alanine, valine, lysine and aspartic acid

45
Q

what is a peptide bond?

A

where each amino acid is atached to another by covalent bond

46
Q

How is a peptide bond formed?

A

by dehydration reaction where a carboxy group combine with amino group of another

47
Q

What are polypeptides?

A

a polymer of amino acids, thus leading to a protein

48
Q

Proteins consist of what kinds of groups?

A

Amino group, carboxyl group and r group

49
Q

Protein shape determines…?

A

function.

50
Q

What happens if you change shape of protein?

A

you change the function

51
Q

when you change pH or temperature what happens to protein?

A

unravels; therefore no longer functions

52
Q

what is denaturation?

A

unfolding or breaking up of protein

53
Q

what are monosaccahrides?

A

simple sugars like glucose, fructose and galactose

54
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

2 monosaccharides linked together like sucrose, lactose and maltose

55
Q

what are polysaccarides?

A

a carb molecules consisting of many sugar molecules bonded; 3 or more monosarccharides

56
Q

How many bonds does a saturated fat have?

A

They are fatty acids with single bonds between carbon pairs

57
Q

How many bonds in unsaturated fat?

A

they are fatty acids containing double bonds between one or more carbon atoms

58
Q

5 reasons Fat are good

A

9 calories, good storage, cushion, insulation, cholesterol, testo, estro, cell membranes

59
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

consists of hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails; for cell membrane

60
Q

what is the function of nucleic acids

A

information storagel

61
Q

what does a nucleotide consist of

A

sugar, phosphate, and base

62
Q

What are some examples of Nucleic acids?

A

DNA, RNA

63
Q

Name two examples of disaccharides

A

Lactose, Sucrose

64
Q

Name examples of polysaccharides:

A

starch, cellulose

65
Q

Name examples of monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose

66
Q

Name examples of proteins

A

lactase, hemoglobin, amylase

67
Q

Name at least 3 sources of Vitamin A

A

squash, papaya, eggs, peppers, fish, broccoli, meat

68
Q

Name at least 3 sources of vitamin B

A

broccoli, mushroom, cheese, meats, beans, grains

69
Q

Name at least 3 sources of vitamin C

A

tomatoes, cabbage, broccoli, kiwi, peppers, mangoes

70
Q

Vitamin D sources name 3 ex

A

eggs, cheese, meat, peppers, yogurt, butter, egg yolk, fatty fish

71
Q

Sources of calcium name 3

A

cheese, milk, beans, spinach, bok choy, broccoli, figs

72
Q

sources of iron

A

chestnuts, almonds, salmon, meat, spinach, oysters, lentils, beans, cashew nuts

73
Q

Function of the Urinary system

A

filter, remove nitrog waste, reabsorbs, regulates vol./pressure/pH, sugar, Ca lvl

74
Q

What is the nephron

A

filtering units of the kidney

75
Q

What are the parts of the digestive system

A

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestines, pancreas, liver, gall bladder

76
Q

what is the scientific method:

A

method of research with defined steps that include experiments and careful observation

77
Q

What is the scientific law

A

a description, often in the form of a mathematical formula, for the behavior of some aspect of nature under certain specific conditions

78
Q

The four levels of proteins:

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

79
Q

What are nucleic acids:

A

molecules made p of repeating units of nucleotides that direct cellular activities such as cell division and protein synthesis

80
Q

what nucleotides made up of?

A

pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group

81
Q
A

Biology (18 decks)

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