Optional Readings Flashcards
What is a covalent bond?
two or more atoms share electrons; do not associate in water
Two types of covalent bonds:
polar and nonpolar
How do nonpolar covalent bonds form?
]when two atoms of the same element or between different elements that share the electrons equally. ex O2, N2, CH4
How do polar covalent bonds form?
when electrons are shared unequally, as one atom exerts a stronger force of attraction on the electrons that the other. Ex. H2O, HF, SO2
What are hydrogen bonds?
Weak bonds produced by water molecules which allows ionic compounds and polar molecules to dissolve in.
What is a solvent?
a substance capable of dissolving another substance
A positively charged sodium atom in water will attract to the?
Negative charge of the oxygen atoms.
What are hydration shells?
the spheres of hydration that occur when NaCl is dissolved with polar water molecules
what is adhesion
the attraction between water molecules and other molecules. Ex, water in straw, water in plants
what is cohesion?
when water molecules are attracted to each other keeping molecules together at the liquid-air interface
What is surface tension?
the capacity of a substance to withstand rupture when placed under tension or stress; relates to cohesion
A change in two units on the pH scale equals?
A factor of 100
What does the pH scale measure?
The amount of hydrogen ions in a substance
What are carbohydrates?
macromolecules, provide energy to body through glucose
what is the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen in carb molecules?
1:2:1
What are the three subtypes of Carb molecules:
monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
Monosaccharides exist as a..?
linear chain or as ring shaped molecules
Monosaccharides are usually found in aqueous solutions in the ?
ring form.
Chemical formula for glucose?
C6H12O6
What are isomers
each of two or more compounds with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule and different properties.
what are lipids?
hydrophobic, nonpolar molecules, hydrocarbons including nonpolar carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds
What are the components of a triglyceride molecule?
glycerol and fatty acids
what is glcerol?
organic compound with 3 C atoms, 5 H atoms and 3 OH groups
the range of Carbon atoms in fatty acid =
4 to 36
Fatty acids may either be
saturated or unsaturated
What makes a saturated fat molecules?
if there are only single bonds between neighboring carbons in the hydrocarbon chain; aka saturated with hydrogen
what causes a fatty acid to be unsaturated?
when the hydrocarbon chain contains a double bond
One double bond in a fatty acid molecules =
monounsaturated
more than one doubgle bond in fatt acid =
polyunsaturated
Are unsaturated fats liquid or solid at room temperature?
liquid.
3 Examples of animal fats:
stearic acid, palmitic acid, and butyric acid
Where so mammals store fat?
Adipocytes
what kind of bond is unsaturated fats?
double bond, makes kink, therefore a liquid
What are proteins?
20 different amino acids that can form chains of these
Proteins can function as
enzymes or hormones
What are enzymes
catalysts in biochemical reactions and are usually proteins
Examples of enzyme
salivary amylase
What are hormones?
chemical signaling molecules usually proteins or steroids
what can cause protein to denature
Temperature, pH, and chemicals
What are amino acids?
monomers that make up protein
What does each amino acid contain?
central carbon atom bonded to amino group, carboxyl group and hydrogen atom
What causes each amino acid type to be different?
The R group, which every amino acid has a variable atom of group of atoms
Examples of amino acids:
`alanine, valine, lysine and aspartic acid
what is a peptide bond?
where each amino acid is atached to another by covalent bond
How is a peptide bond formed?
by dehydration reaction where a carboxy group combine with amino group of another
What are polypeptides?
a polymer of amino acids, thus leading to a protein
Proteins consist of what kinds of groups?
Amino group, carboxyl group and r group
Protein shape determines…?
function.
What happens if you change shape of protein?
you change the function
when you change pH or temperature what happens to protein?
unravels; therefore no longer functions
what is denaturation?
unfolding or breaking up of protein
what are monosaccahrides?
simple sugars like glucose, fructose and galactose
What are disaccharides?
2 monosaccharides linked together like sucrose, lactose and maltose
what are polysaccarides?
a carb molecules consisting of many sugar molecules bonded; 3 or more monosarccharides
How many bonds does a saturated fat have?
They are fatty acids with single bonds between carbon pairs
How many bonds in unsaturated fat?
they are fatty acids containing double bonds between one or more carbon atoms
5 reasons Fat are good
9 calories, good storage, cushion, insulation, cholesterol, testo, estro, cell membranes
What are phospholipids?
consists of hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails; for cell membrane
what is the function of nucleic acids
information storagel
what does a nucleotide consist of
sugar, phosphate, and base
What are some examples of Nucleic acids?
DNA, RNA
Name two examples of disaccharides
Lactose, Sucrose
Name examples of polysaccharides:
starch, cellulose
Name examples of monosaccharides
glucose, fructose
Name examples of proteins
lactase, hemoglobin, amylase
Name at least 3 sources of Vitamin A
squash, papaya, eggs, peppers, fish, broccoli, meat
Name at least 3 sources of vitamin B
broccoli, mushroom, cheese, meats, beans, grains
Name at least 3 sources of vitamin C
tomatoes, cabbage, broccoli, kiwi, peppers, mangoes
Vitamin D sources name 3 ex
eggs, cheese, meat, peppers, yogurt, butter, egg yolk, fatty fish
Sources of calcium name 3
cheese, milk, beans, spinach, bok choy, broccoli, figs
sources of iron
chestnuts, almonds, salmon, meat, spinach, oysters, lentils, beans, cashew nuts
Function of the Urinary system
filter, remove nitrog waste, reabsorbs, regulates vol./pressure/pH, sugar, Ca lvl
What is the nephron
filtering units of the kidney
What are the parts of the digestive system
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestines, pancreas, liver, gall bladder
what is the scientific method:
method of research with defined steps that include experiments and careful observation
What is the scientific law
a description, often in the form of a mathematical formula, for the behavior of some aspect of nature under certain specific conditions
The four levels of proteins:
Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
What are nucleic acids:
molecules made p of repeating units of nucleotides that direct cellular activities such as cell division and protein synthesis
what nucleotides made up of?
pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group
