Exam 2_Domains, Human Microbiome, Bacteria and Viruses,

Question 1

What does Eukarya include?

Answer 1

Plants, Animal, Fungi, Protista

Question 2

What does protists include?

Answer 2

slime molds, protozoans, green algae.

Question 3

What do slime molds resemble?

Answer 3

fungi like

Question 4

What do protozoans resemble?

Answer 4

animal like

Question 5

What do green algae resemble?

Answer 5

plant like

Question 6

Viruses 2 things about:

Answer 6

Non living; made of protein coat, DNA (or RNA)

Question 7

4 things origin of life:

Answer 7

form of amino acids, nucleotides; form polymers; self-replication; pre-cells

Question 8

What are poymers

Answer 8

proteins and nucleic acids

Question 9

What is the origin of Eukaryotic cell aka Endosymbiotic theory of the cell?

Answer 9

Aerobic bacteria/photosynthetic bacteria, swallowed by cell turning into Animal or Plant cell

Question 10

Name 3 evidences of Endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria.

Answer 10

Mitochondria have 2 membrane, have own DNA, DNA sequence of mitochondria and certain bacteria are similar

Question 11

what are chlamydomonas?

Answer 11

single-celled green alga

Question 12

What is the Volvox

Answer 12

a multicellular green alga

Question 13

Why are chlamydomonas and Volvox important?

Answer 13

origin of multicellularity

Question 14

Microbiome what is it?

Answer 14

bacterial ecosystem

Question 15

Commensals:

Answer 15

bacteria that are helpful

Question 16

Name a good bacteria

Answer 16

S. Epidermidis

Question 16

Pathogenic

Answer 16

bacteria that cause illness

Question 17

Name a bad bacteria

Answer 17

S. Aureus

Question 19

what bacteria helps keep us lean?

Answer 19

helicobacter pylori

Question 20

What are the 4 findings of germ free mice?

Answer 20

poorly developed immune system, shorter gut, disease susceptible, food/vitamin deficiencies

Question 21

Fecal transplants from healthy donors in human did 2 things:

Answer 21

90% cured diarrhea and improved insulin response

Question 22

How to keep your ecosystem healthy:

Answer 22

More fiber, more fermented foods, less meat, less processed food
Avoid - antibiotics, cleanliness

Question 23

What are bacteria?

Answer 23

simple, single cell, prokaryote

Question 24

What are the 10 parts of a bacteria?

Answer 24

plasmid, chromosome, ribosomes, cytoplasm, pilli, cell membrane, cell wall, capsule, endospore, flagellum

Question 25

What are the 3 types of bacteria shape?

Answer 25

cocci, bacilli, others

Question 26

Name 3 examples of bacteria

Answer 26

Escherichia coli, Helicobactor pylori, staphylococcus aureus

Question 27

What are viruses?

Answer 27

non-living, protein coat + DNA/RNA

Question 28

Name 4 examples of viruses

Answer 28

Ebola, HIV, measles, Corona

Question 29

Name the 4 parts of a Influenza virus:

Answer 29

Glycoproteins, RNA, Capsid, Membranous envelope

Question 30

What are the 3 lines of defense of a immune system?

Answer 30

1. Barriers, skin, mucus, stomach acid, cilia 2. Innate response 3. Adaptive Response

Question 31

What is the Innate response?

Answer 31

immunity that is present; pre-set receptor on white blood cells against pathogens

Question 32

What is the adaptive response?

Answer 32

develops after exposure to agents; specific response to pathogens

Question 33

What are interferon proteins?

Answer 33

provide innate defense interfering with viruses and helping activate macrophages

Question 34

How many proteins make up the complement system?

Answer 34

30

Question 35

What does the complement system do?

Answer 35

causes lysis of invading cells and helps trigger inflammation

Question 36

What is the inflammatory response?

Answer 36

pain and swelling; brought about by molecules released upon infection

Question 37

Mast Cells

Answer 37

a type of connective tissue that release histamine

Question 38

Histamine

Answer 38

triggers blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable

Question 39

Can you describe the 3 parts to an inflammatory response?

Answer 39

1. Histamines & cytokines released. Capillaries dilate 2. Antimicrobial peptides enter tissue. Neutrophils are recruited. 3. Neutrophils digest pathogens/cell debris. Tissue heals.

Question 40

What are the 3 things that antibodies do?

Answer 40

Mark pathogens; bind to viral surface proteins; bind to toxins

Question 41

what is autoimmune disease?

Answer 41

the immune system loses tolerance for self and turns against certain molecules of the body