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Biology > Exam 2_Domains, Human Microbiome, Bacteria and Viruses, > Flashcards

Exam 2_Domains, Human Microbiome, Bacteria and Viruses, Flashcards

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1
Q

What does Eukarya include?

A

Plants, Animal, Fungi, Protista

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2
Q

What does protists include?

A

slime molds, protozoans, green algae.

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3
Q

What do slime molds resemble?

A

fungi like

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4
Q

What do protozoans resemble?

A

animal like

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5
Q

What do green algae resemble?

A

plant like

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6
Q

Viruses 2 things about:

A

Non living; made of protein coat, DNA (or RNA)

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7
Q

4 things origin of life:

A

form of amino acids, nucleotides; form polymers; self-replication; pre-cells

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8
Q

What are poymers

A

proteins and nucleic acids

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9
Q

What is the origin of Eukaryotic cell aka Endosymbiotic theory of the cell?

A

Aerobic bacteria/photosynthetic bacteria, swallowed by cell turning into Animal or Plant cell

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10
Q

Name 3 evidences of Endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria.

A

Mitochondria have 2 membrane, have own DNA, DNA sequence of mitochondria and certain bacteria are similar

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11
Q

what are chlamydomonas?

A

single-celled green alga

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12
Q

What is the Volvox

A

a multicellular green alga

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13
Q

Why are chlamydomonas and Volvox important?

A

origin of multicellularity

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14
Q

Microbiome what is it?

A

bacterial ecosystem

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15
Q

Commensals:

A

bacteria that are helpful

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16
Q

Name a good bacteria

A

S. Epidermidis

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16
Q

Pathogenic

A

bacteria that cause illness

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17
Q

Name a bad bacteria

A

S. Aureus

18
Q
A
19
Q

what bacteria helps keep us lean?

A

helicobacter pylori

20
Q

What are the 4 findings of germ free mice?

A

poorly developed immune system, shorter gut, disease susceptible, food/vitamin deficiencies

21
Q

Fecal transplants from healthy donors in human did 2 things:

A

90% cured diarrhea and improved insulin response

22
Q

How to keep your ecosystem healthy:

A

More fiber, more fermented foods, less meat, less processed food
Avoid - antibiotics, cleanliness

23
Q

What are bacteria?

A

simple, single cell, prokaryote

24
Q

What are the 10 parts of a bacteria?

A

plasmid, chromosome, ribosomes, cytoplasm, pilli, cell membrane, cell wall, capsule, endospore, flagellum

25
Q

What are the 3 types of bacteria shape?

A

cocci, bacilli, others

26
Q

Name 3 examples of bacteria

A

Escherichia coli, Helicobactor pylori, staphylococcus aureus

27
Q

What are viruses?

A

non-living, protein coat + DNA/RNA

28
Q

Name 4 examples of viruses

A

Ebola, HIV, measles, Corona

29
Q

Name the 4 parts of a Influenza virus:

A

Glycoproteins, RNA, Capsid, Membranous envelope

30
Q

What are the 3 lines of defense of a immune system?

A
  1. Barriers, skin, mucus, stomach acid, cilia
  2. Innate response
  3. Adaptive Response
31
Q

What is the Innate response?

A

immunity that is present; pre-set receptor on white blood cells against pathogens

32
Q

What is the adaptive response?

A

develops after exposure to agents; specific response to pathogens

33
Q

What are interferon proteins?

A

provide innate defense interfering with viruses and helping activate macrophages

34
Q

How many proteins make up the complement system?

A

30

35
Q

What does the complement system do?

A

causes lysis of invading cells and helps trigger inflammation

36
Q

What is the inflammatory response?

A

pain and swelling; brought about by molecules released upon infection

37
Q

Mast Cells

A

a type of connective tissue that release histamine

38
Q

Histamine

A

triggers blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable

39
Q

Can you describe the 3 parts to an inflammatory response?

A
  1. Histamines & cytokines released. Capillaries dilate
  2. Antimicrobial peptides enter tissue. Neutrophils are recruited.
  3. Neutrophils
    digest pathogens/cell debris.
    Tissue heals.
40
Q

What are the 3 things that antibodies do?

A

Mark pathogens; bind to viral surface proteins; bind to toxins

41
Q

what is autoimmune disease?

A

the immune system loses tolerance for self and turns against certain molecules of the body

42
Q
A

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