Exam 2_PPT Mitosis and Cancer, Cloning Activity, EXAM 2 WORKSHEET Flashcards
Define mitosis with two words.
Cell division
Name the 4 cell division cycle phases.
Mitosis, G1, S, G2
Name the nitrogen bases of DNA
Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine
Define mitosis fully.
when cells divide, the offspring cells are exactly the same as the parent
Define meiosis:
when cells divide, new offspring cells are different that the parent cell and have half genetic material
What are the stages of mitosis?
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
What happens in prophase?
chromosomes begin to condense and become visible.
What is metaphase.
Chromosomes align along the equator of the cell
What is anaphase?
chromosomes are pull apart.
What is telophase?
chromosomes have separated and nuclear membrane begins to reform
What happens in meiosis 1?
homologous chromosomes separate.
What happens in meiosis 2?
Sister chromatid separate.
what is the result of meiosis?
5 cells that have 1/2 the chromosomes
Name the 5 things that happen for cancer to occur:
8 or 9 mutations; same cell, cell growth/division genes, cells don’t function/differentiate
what is dysplasia
describe the presence of abnormal cells within a tissue or organ
Name 5 things about cancer.
Large, variable shaped nuclei; many dividing cells; disorganized arrangement; variation in size/shape, loss of normal features
7 warning signs of cancer:
Bowel/bladder change; unhealing sore; discharge or bleeding; lump somewhere; indigestion/eating difficulty; change in wart or mole; nagging cough or hoarseness
what is cloning?
making genetically identical copies of organisms
Why is the donor cell enucleated?
Donor cell not used
Potential benefit of cloning sheep?
antibodies milk helps CF, multiple s., and cancer; make human organs.
Somatic cell nuclear transfer what is?
Take ovum, remove DNA, take nucleus somatic, put new egg cell in surrogate
Difficulties with cloning.
success rate low, spindle proteins not available
Why we shouldn’t clone humans
Die, immune system, defective hearts, brains, liver, bad personality, unethical
Why is it easier to clone plants?
vegetative propagation; plants have ability to become any cell when needed, therefore the stem can turn into roots, and fruit trees can be grafted, and cut off plants can be replanted
Anaphase
separates into two identical daughter cells
Prophase
mitotic spindle and chromosome condensation
Telophase
nuclear membrane reforms, mitotic spindle disassembles
Interphase
Cell grows, makes copy of DNA, preparing for cell devision
Metaphase
chromosomes aligned in equator of spindle
How are viruses compared to cells?
very very small, just packages of nucleic acid and protein
Mitosis
producing two identical nuclei daughter cells
Meiosis
produce 4 gametes, with half number of chromosomes
What is S phase
DNA replication takes place
What is G1 Phase
cell is metabolically active and grows but no DNA replication
What is G2 phase
cell growth continues and proteins are syntessized in preparation for mitosis
What is interphase?
period of cell cycle that includes G1, S phase and G2, grows, prepared for DNA replication and proteins made
Telomeres
end caps of chromosomes that basically tell how long cells can divide and then
telomerase
adds nucleotides to telomeres; maintains the length of telomeres
what cells do mitosis
all eukaryotes cell undergo mitosis; somatic cells; sperm and egg cells don’t
Stem Cells:
undifferentiated; can give rise to more cells of any type
