Exam 3_Chapter 6 Cellular Respiration:Obtaining Energy From Food (go back to page 97, to understand) Flashcards
What does every cell require in cellular respiration?
oxygen
When there is enough oxygen reaching muscles to support need it’s anaerobic or aerobic?
Aerobic
If you work harder and exced the demand for oxygen your muscle can use, then this is called?
anaerobic
the energy of sunlight is converted to the chemical energy of sugars and other molecules called?
photosynthesis
where does photosynthesis take place?
in chloroplasts of plants and algae, some prokaryotes
plants and other autotrophs are referred to as?
producers
Heterotrophs are referred as?
consumers?
what does cellular respiration do?
uses O2 to convert sugar chemical energy bonds to ATP
What are the waste products of cellular respiration
CO2 and H2O
Do plants do cellular resp?
Si
What does respiration mean?
Breathing
Cellular respiration isn’t an aerobic process. T or F?
False
Does aerobic processes require oxygen?
Yes
The aerobic harvesting of chemical energy from organic fuel molecules is called
cellular respiration
Cellular respiration constitutes every metabolic pathways for nearly every Eukarytoic cell. True or False
True
what 3 main stages are a part of cellular respspiration?
glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and electron transport
A molecule of glucose is split into two molecules of a compound called pyruvic acid is called?
Glycolysis
Where are the enzymes for glycolysis located?
The cytoplasm
Completes the breakdown of glucose all the way to CO2
Citric acid cycle
Where are the enyzmes located that are used for the citric acid cycle?
mitochondria
What is NAD+?
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; a molecule made form niacin
The electron transfer forms a molecule called?
NADH
How does the electron transport chain work?
electrons captured from food by NADH until finally combined with Oxygen to form water
How many ATP molecules are produced from cellular respiration.
32 ATP
what stage of c. r. take place outside mitochondria?
Gylcolysis
what stage of c.r takes place inside mitoc.
citric acid cycle and electron transport chain
what does glycolysis mean?
splitting of sugar
What happens during glycolysis?
six carbon glucose molecules broken in half forming 2 3-carbon molecules but requires 2 ATP
What’s the 2nd step of glycolysis?
3 carbon molecules donate electrons to NAD+ forming NADH
When enzymes transfer phosphate groups molecules to ADP from fuel molecules, how many ATP molecules are made and how?
4
What’s the profit of ATP in glycolysis?
2 ATP molecules
what are the remains after glycolysis is achieved?
2 Pyruvic acid molecules
What must happen to pyruvic acid before it’s used in the citric acid cycle?
lt’s groomed and loses a carbon atom, leading to CO2
The remaining 2-carbon molecules are called after pyruvic acid loses a carbon are __?
Acetic acid
What happens to the acetic acid in the citric acid cycle?
their electrons are stripped and transfered to NAD+ forming NADH
What happens to the acetic acid after it’s been stripped of its electrons are used to make NADH.
they are attached to a Coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA
What is Coenzyme A (CoA)?
Vitamin B Pantothenic acid
Electrons are transferred from glucose molecules to ___? in the citric acid cycle.
NAD+
In the citric acid cycle, NAD+ gets converted to what?
NADH
What is acetic acid and an acceptor molecule converted into in the citric acid cycle?
to Citric acid!!
For every acetic acid molecule that enters the cycle as fuel, how many molecules of CO2 exit as waste?
2
Two molecules of what compound are produced by glycolysis?
Pyruvic acid
Does pyruvic acid enter the citric acid cycle?
No, it must be converter to acetic acid
Pyruvic acid must travel from the ___, where glycolysis takes place, to the ___, where the citric acid cycle takes place.
cytoplasm, mitochondria
The citric acid cycle captures much more energy in the form ___?
of NADH and FADH2
How many times does the citric acid cycle occur for each glucose molecule that fuels the cell?
twice
What happens to the NADH in the citric acid cycle?
They send two electrons in the electron transport chain.
What does glucose in food molecules transfer to NAD+?
electrons
What is NADH used for in the electron transport chain for mitochondrias?
releases 2 electrons to a series of electron carrier molecules aka the Electron Transport Chain
After the electrons bounce through the electron transport chain in cell. resp. what happens next?
uses it to make ATP
The first molecule of electron transport chain accepts what?
Electrons from NADH
Where does NADH get its electrons from?
Glucose and food molecules
What does oxygen do specifically in cellur. respir.?
it pull down the electrons, sort of like gravity, from top to bottom, the electrons travel down the e.t. chain.
what are the electron grabbers called in cel. resp.?
oxygen, really…
what is formed after the electrons complete the electron transport chain?
water
how is ATP created in the electron transport chain?
As electrons tranfer from top to bottom of the electron transport chain, they release small amounts of energy which go into making ATP, almost like a wind generator.
where are the molecules of the transport chains built in cellular respiration?
in the inner membranes of the mitochondria
why are mitochondria inner membranes folded?
so they can accomodate for more surface area and over 1000’s of electron transport chains
Why is the fall of electrons through the e.t.c important. Like what occurs as it’s doing that?
It causes a shift in the hydrogen atoms across the inner membrane of the mitochondria, creating potential energy.
What is the hydrogen used for in the c.r.?
it’s used to combine with oxygen to make water
what does the inner membrane of the mitochondria do to Hydrogen atoms?
it temporarily “dams” them from losing potential energy, similar to a water dam
What are atp synthase?
proteins adjacent to electron transport chain that help create ATP
What do NADH and FADH2 do?
transfer electrons down the electron transport chain.
What does H+ do?
rushes back down the membrane through ATP synthase
What does ATP synthase do?
helps attach phosphate group to ADP
How does cyanide kill organism?
blocking the flow of electrons to oxygen, thus no H+ gradient
What is the potential energy source that drives ATP production by ATP synthase?
a concentration gradient of H+ across the inner membrane of a mitochondrion.
How many ATP molecules is produced from the electron transport chain?
28
How many atp do glycolysis and the citric acid cycle contribute?
2 ATP total.
which molecules supplies the electrons in the electron transport chain?
NADH or FADH2
What other fuels can be used besides glucose in cel. resp.?
Fat and proteins
What does Anaerobic mean?
without oxygen
The anaerobic harvest of food energy is called
fermentation
What does fermentation rely on?
Glycolysis?
Why is anaerobic inefficient?
because it only produce 2 ATP molecules, and consumes much more glucose
In anaerobic cellular respiration, how does glycolysis get its NAD+ if it can’t get it from the electron transport chain?
It gets it when leftover NADH transfers its electron to pyruvic acid in glycolysis. Allowing for NAD+
The addition of electrons to pyruvic acid is called ___?
lactic acid
Where does lactic acid go after it’s created in cellular respiration?
It go to the liver where it gets converted back to pyruvic acid
Does glycolysis need oxygen to make ATP
NO
What molecules does glycolysis need to function and produce ATP
NAD+
In an anaerobic environment, yeast cells converter sugars into ___?
Ethyl alcohol
Yeast is capable of ___ and ___?
cellular respiration and fermentation
When fermenting bread, what is the by product of it?
CO2 and ethyl alcohol
What is the primary thing that happens in glycolysis?
splitting of glucose into pyruvic acid
What energy ATP process was used by the first prokaryotes primarily?
Glycolysis
Autotrophs make organic molecules from inorganic molecules through a process called ___?
photosynthesis
Heterotrophs consume organic matter and convert it to energy through a process called ___?
cellular respiration
The molecules outputs of cellular respiration and the molecular inputs of photosynthesis are what two molecules?
H20 and CO2
How many oxygen is required in the beginning of cellular respiration?
6 oxygen
What are the end products after 1 glucose molecule gets converted in cell. resp.?
6CO2 and 6H2O and 32 ATP molecules
During glycolysis, what happens to glucose when its split apart?
creates 2 pyruvic acids, 2 molecules of ATP, 2 high energy electrons stored in NADH
What happens during the citric acid cycle? Name 3 things
remaining glucose molecules converter to CO2, electrons are transferred to NADH and FADH2, and some ATP produced
What does the electron transport chain use the high energy electrons for?
pumping it through the et chain, causing a build up of H+ ions across the inner membrane, then handing them off to Oxygen producing water.
How is ATP finally produced in electron transport chain?
when backflow of H+ ions powers ATP synthase, forming ATP from ADP
When muscle cells consume O2 faster than cellular respiration is being supplied, the system becomes. ___?
anaerobic
What do the first two stages of cellular respiration primarily release?
high-energy electrons carried by NADH
Which stage of cellular respiration produces the bulk of the ATP molecules?
The electron Transport stage
Where does muscle cells get its ATP when anaerobic?
From fermentation through glycolysis
What are the waste products of fermentation?
ethyl alcohol, lactic acid
