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Biology > Exam 3_Chapter 6 Cellular Respiration:Obtaining Energy From Food (go back to page 97, to understand) > Flashcards

Exam 3_Chapter 6 Cellular Respiration:Obtaining Energy From Food (go back to page 97, to understand) Flashcards

1
Q

What does every cell require in cellular respiration?

A

oxygen

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2
Q

When there is enough oxygen reaching muscles to support need it’s anaerobic or aerobic?

A

Aerobic

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3
Q

If you work harder and exced the demand for oxygen your muscle can use, then this is called?

A

anaerobic

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4
Q

the energy of sunlight is converted to the chemical energy of sugars and other molecules called?

A

photosynthesis

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5
Q

where does photosynthesis take place?

A

in chloroplasts of plants and algae, some prokaryotes

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6
Q

plants and other autotrophs are referred to as?

A

producers

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7
Q

Heterotrophs are referred as?

A

consumers?

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8
Q

what does cellular respiration do?

A

uses O2 to convert sugar chemical energy bonds to ATP

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9
Q

What are the waste products of cellular respiration

A

CO2 and H2O

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10
Q

Do plants do cellular resp?

A

Si

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11
Q

What does respiration mean?

A

Breathing

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12
Q

Cellular respiration isn’t an aerobic process. T or F?

A

False

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13
Q

Does aerobic processes require oxygen?

A

Yes

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14
Q

The aerobic harvesting of chemical energy from organic fuel molecules is called

A

cellular respiration

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15
Q

Cellular respiration constitutes every metabolic pathways for nearly every Eukarytoic cell. True or False

A

True

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16
Q

what 3 main stages are a part of cellular respspiration?

A

glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and electron transport

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17
Q

A molecule of glucose is split into two molecules of a compound called pyruvic acid is called?

A

Glycolysis

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18
Q

Where are the enzymes for glycolysis located?

A

The cytoplasm

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19
Q

Completes the breakdown of glucose all the way to CO2

A

Citric acid cycle

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20
Q

Where are the enyzmes located that are used for the citric acid cycle?

A

mitochondria

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21
Q

What is NAD+?

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; a molecule made form niacin

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22
Q

The electron transfer forms a molecule called?

A

NADH

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23
Q

How does the electron transport chain work?

A

electrons captured from food by NADH until finally combined with Oxygen to form water

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24
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced from cellular respiration.

A

32 ATP

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25
Q

what stage of c. r. take place outside mitochondria?

A

Gylcolysis

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26
Q

what stage of c.r takes place inside mitoc.

A

citric acid cycle and electron transport chain

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27
Q

what does glycolysis mean?

A

splitting of sugar

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28
Q

What happens during glycolysis?

A

six carbon glucose molecules broken in half forming 2 3-carbon molecules but requires 2 ATP

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29
Q

What’s the 2nd step of glycolysis?

A

3 carbon molecules donate electrons to NAD+ forming NADH

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30
Q

When enzymes transfer phosphate groups molecules to ADP from fuel molecules, how many ATP molecules are made and how?

A

4

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31
Q

What’s the profit of ATP in glycolysis?

A

2 ATP molecules

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32
Q

what are the remains after glycolysis is achieved?

A

2 Pyruvic acid molecules

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33
Q

What must happen to pyruvic acid before it’s used in the citric acid cycle?

A

lt’s groomed and loses a carbon atom, leading to CO2

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34
Q

The remaining 2-carbon molecules are called after pyruvic acid loses a carbon are __?

A

Acetic acid

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35
Q

What happens to the acetic acid in the citric acid cycle?

A

their electrons are stripped and transfered to NAD+ forming NADH

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36
Q

What happens to the acetic acid after it’s been stripped of its electrons are used to make NADH.

A

they are attached to a Coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA

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37
Q

What is Coenzyme A (CoA)?

A

Vitamin B Pantothenic acid

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38
Q

Electrons are transferred from glucose molecules to ___? in the citric acid cycle.

A

NAD+

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39
Q

In the citric acid cycle, NAD+ gets converted to what?

A

NADH

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40
Q

What is acetic acid and an acceptor molecule converted into in the citric acid cycle?

A

to Citric acid!!

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41
Q

For every acetic acid molecule that enters the cycle as fuel, how many molecules of CO2 exit as waste?

42
Q

Two molecules of what compound are produced by glycolysis?

A

Pyruvic acid

43
Q

Does pyruvic acid enter the citric acid cycle?

A

No, it must be converter to acetic acid

44
Q

Pyruvic acid must travel from the ___, where glycolysis takes place, to the ___, where the citric acid cycle takes place.

A

cytoplasm, mitochondria

45
Q

The citric acid cycle captures much more energy in the form ___?

A

of NADH and FADH2

46
Q

How many times does the citric acid cycle occur for each glucose molecule that fuels the cell?

47
Q

What happens to the NADH in the citric acid cycle?

A

They send two electrons in the electron transport chain.

48
Q

What does glucose in food molecules transfer to NAD+?

49
Q

What is NADH used for in the electron transport chain for mitochondrias?

A

releases 2 electrons to a series of electron carrier molecules aka the Electron Transport Chain

50
Q

After the electrons bounce through the electron transport chain in cell. resp. what happens next?

A

uses it to make ATP

51
Q

The first molecule of electron transport chain accepts what?

A

Electrons from NADH

52
Q

Where does NADH get its electrons from?

A

Glucose and food molecules

53
Q

What does oxygen do specifically in cellur. respir.?

A

it pull down the electrons, sort of like gravity, from top to bottom, the electrons travel down the e.t. chain.

54
Q

what are the electron grabbers called in cel. resp.?

A

oxygen, really…

55
Q

what is formed after the electrons complete the electron transport chain?

56
Q

how is ATP created in the electron transport chain?

A

As electrons tranfer from top to bottom of the electron transport chain, they release small amounts of energy which go into making ATP, almost like a wind generator.

57
Q

where are the molecules of the transport chains built in cellular respiration?

A

in the inner membranes of the mitochondria

58
Q

why are mitochondria inner membranes folded?

A

so they can accomodate for more surface area and over 1000’s of electron transport chains

59
Q

Why is the fall of electrons through the e.t.c important. Like what occurs as it’s doing that?

A

It causes a shift in the hydrogen atoms across the inner membrane of the mitochondria, creating potential energy.

60
Q

What is the hydrogen used for in the c.r.?

A

it’s used to combine with oxygen to make water

61
Q

what does the inner membrane of the mitochondria do to Hydrogen atoms?

A

it temporarily “dams” them from losing potential energy, similar to a water dam

62
Q

What are atp synthase?

A

proteins adjacent to electron transport chain that help create ATP

63
Q

What do NADH and FADH2 do?

A

transfer electrons down the electron transport chain.

64
Q

What does H+ do?

A

rushes back down the membrane through ATP synthase

65
Q

What does ATP synthase do?

A

helps attach phosphate group to ADP

66
Q

How does cyanide kill organism?

A

blocking the flow of electrons to oxygen, thus no H+ gradient

67
Q

What is the potential energy source that drives ATP production by ATP synthase?

A

a concentration gradient of H+ across the inner membrane of a mitochondrion.

68
Q

How many ATP molecules is produced from the electron transport chain?

69
Q

How many atp do glycolysis and the citric acid cycle contribute?

A

2 ATP total.

70
Q

which molecules supplies the electrons in the electron transport chain?

A

NADH or FADH2

71
Q

What other fuels can be used besides glucose in cel. resp.?

A

Fat and proteins

72
Q

What does Anaerobic mean?

A

without oxygen

73
Q

The anaerobic harvest of food energy is called

A

fermentation

74
Q

What does fermentation rely on?

A

Glycolysis?

75
Q

Why is anaerobic inefficient?

A

because it only produce 2 ATP molecules, and consumes much more glucose

76
Q

In anaerobic cellular respiration, how does glycolysis get its NAD+ if it can’t get it from the electron transport chain?

A

It gets it when leftover NADH transfers its electron to pyruvic acid in glycolysis. Allowing for NAD+

77
Q

The addition of electrons to pyruvic acid is called ___?

A

lactic acid

78
Q

Where does lactic acid go after it’s created in cellular respiration?

A

It go to the liver where it gets converted back to pyruvic acid

79
Q

Does glycolysis need oxygen to make ATP

80
Q

What molecules does glycolysis need to function and produce ATP

81
Q

In an anaerobic environment, yeast cells converter sugars into ___?

A

Ethyl alcohol

82
Q

Yeast is capable of ___ and ___?

A

cellular respiration and fermentation

83
Q

When fermenting bread, what is the by product of it?

A

CO2 and ethyl alcohol

84
Q

What is the primary thing that happens in glycolysis?

A

splitting of glucose into pyruvic acid

85
Q

What energy ATP process was used by the first prokaryotes primarily?

A

Glycolysis

86
Q

Autotrophs make organic molecules from inorganic molecules through a process called ___?

A

photosynthesis

87
Q

Heterotrophs consume organic matter and convert it to energy through a process called ___?

A

cellular respiration

88
Q

The molecules outputs of cellular respiration and the molecular inputs of photosynthesis are what two molecules?

A

H20 and CO2

89
Q

How many oxygen is required in the beginning of cellular respiration?

90
Q

What are the end products after 1 glucose molecule gets converted in cell. resp.?

A

6CO2 and 6H2O and 32 ATP molecules

91
Q

During glycolysis, what happens to glucose when its split apart?

A

creates 2 pyruvic acids, 2 molecules of ATP, 2 high energy electrons stored in NADH

92
Q

What happens during the citric acid cycle? Name 3 things

A

remaining glucose molecules converter to CO2, electrons are transferred to NADH and FADH2, and some ATP produced

93
Q

What does the electron transport chain use the high energy electrons for?

A

pumping it through the et chain, causing a build up of H+ ions across the inner membrane, then handing them off to Oxygen producing water.

94
Q

How is ATP finally produced in electron transport chain?

A

when backflow of H+ ions powers ATP synthase, forming ATP from ADP

95
Q

When muscle cells consume O2 faster than cellular respiration is being supplied, the system becomes. ___?

96
Q

What do the first two stages of cellular respiration primarily release?

A

high-energy electrons carried by NADH

97
Q

Which stage of cellular respiration produces the bulk of the ATP molecules?

A

The electron Transport stage

98
Q

Where does muscle cells get its ATP when anaerobic?

A

From fermentation through glycolysis

99
Q

What are the waste products of fermentation?

A

ethyl alcohol, lactic acid

Biology (32 decks)

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