the Dollz Flashcards
Freudian psychoanalysis
asserts that people are driven by unconscious motivation, irrational forces, and instinctual needs and drives.
- personality theory:
three structures of the conscious and unconscious:
1. Id: present at birth, instincts of life and death, runs on pleasure principle
2. Ego: develops at 6 months, runs on reality principle. involves secondary process thinking (rational thinking, planning). mediates between Id desires and reality, as well as superego once developed.
3. Superego: 4/5 y.o., represents internalization of society’s standards and values. Attempts to block unacceptable impulses.
Adlerian individual psychology
asserts that people are more focused on future goals than the past.
-feelings on inferiority created in childhood.
Jung’s analytical psychotherapy
Libido: general psychic energy
personality theory asserts that personality is due to both conscious and unconscious factors.
Archetypes: foundational images that cause people to experience world in universal way.
Persona: public mask
Shadow: dark side of personality
anima and animus: feminine and masculine
two attitudes to personality: introversion and extroversion
4 basic psychological functions: thinking, feeling, sensing intuition
this theory states that symptoms are unconscious messages to the individual that something is wrong and needs to be fulfilled.
Goals and techniques of therapy include:
Re-bridge gap between the conscious and personal and collective unconscious
Interpretations that are designed to help client become aware of inner world
Dreamwork is key component of therapy –dreams are expressed symbolically; unconscious message revealed through symbol
Transference: projection of the personal and collective unconscious—crucial to analyze in therapy
Countertransference- info about what is occurring during the course of therapy
Optimistic view of human nature and emphasizes the healthy aspect of client’s personality
Here-and-now; with info of past to understand present
Object-relations therapy
Object-seeking (relationship w/ others) are basic inborn drive
Early child relationships with objects, especially internal representation (“introject”) influence
interactions with others in the future
Theorists: Mahler, Fairbairn, Klein, and Kernberg
PERSONALITY THEORY:
Mahler’s Phases:
Normal infantile autism: within first mo. of life; infant is self-absorbed and oblivious to external world Normal symbiotic phase: child is aware of mother, but unable to differentiate between “me” and “not me” Separation-individuation: around 4-5 months, composed of four overlapping sub-phases:
● Differentiation
● Practicing
● Rapprochement
● Object constancy- at 3y/o permanent sense of self and object; others are both separate and related
MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR:
Result of abnormalities in early object-relations
Mahler: problems that occurred during separation –individuation
Natural tendency to split mental representations of the self and others into “good” and “bad” (splitting)
Kernberg: individuals with BPD, never integrate positive and negative aspects of his/her experience; shifts back and forth between contradictory images
GOALS AND TECHNIQUES
TREATMENT, INTERVENTION, AND PREVENTION 5
o Provide client with support, acceptance, and other conditions that restore the client’s ability to relate to others in meaningful , realistic ways
o Primary goal- bring maladaptive unconscious relationship dynamics into consciousness, dysfunctional internalized object representations can be replaced with more appropriate ones
Person-centered therapy
Rogerian therapy: People have an innate “self-actualizing tendency”—which serves as the major source of motivation and guides them toward positive, healthy growth
PERSONALITY THEORY:
Self: organized, consistent conceptual gestalt composed of perceptions of the characteristics of the ‘I’ or ‘me’ and the perceptions of the relationships of the ‘I’ or ‘me; to other and to various aspects of life, together with the values attached to these perceptions
o Each person has the ability to become self-actualized, but to do so, must remain unified, organized, and whole
VIEW OF MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR
Self becomes disorganized as the result of incongruence between self and experience, which can occur when the individual experiences conditions of worth
Incongruence produces unpleasant visceral sensations that are subjectively experienced as anxiety and serve as a signal that the unified self is being threatened
Attempt to alleviate anxiety through defensive maneuvers of perceptual distortion or denial (which counter self-actualization
GOALS
o Help client achieve congruence between self and experience so that he/she can become a more fully-functioning, self-actualizing person
TECHNIQUES:
“Right environment” which involves three facilitative conditions:
o Unconditional positive regard (respect)- genuine care, affirm worth, acceptance w/out evaluation
o Genuineness (congruence)- authentic in therapy; honestly communicate his/her feelings when appropriate to do so
o Accurate empathic understanding: see the world as the client does , convey that understanding to client
Avoid use of directive techniques
Gestalt therapy
Perlz: each person is capable of assuming personal responsibility for his/her own thoughts, feelings, and
actions and living as an integrated “whole”
Incorporates principles from: psychoanalysis, phenomenology, and existentialism
Concepts:1) people tend to seek closure; 2) a person’s “gestalts” (parts of wholes) reflect his/her
current needs; 3) behavior represents a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts; 4) behavior can be fully understood only in its context; 5) person experiences the world in accord to the principle of figure/ ground
PERSONALITY THEORY:
o Personality consists of self and self-image
o Self: creative aspect of personality; promotes inherent tendency for self-actualization o Self-image: hinders growth and self-actualization by imposing external standards
o Dominated by persons early interactions with the environment
VIEW OF MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR
Neurotic behavior: growth disorder; abandonment of the self for the self-image and resulting lack
of integration
o Stems from a disturbance in the boundary between the self and environment o Interferes with ability to satisfy his/her needs and maintain homeostasis
Boundary Disturbances:
● Introjection: when person swallows whole concepts- accepts them without fully understanding/ assimilating them
● Projection: disowning aspects of self by assigning them to other people
● Retroflection: doing to oneself what one wants to do to others (e.g. I’m angry at someone, instead
I become angry at myself)
● Confluence: absence of boundary between self and environment
GOALS:
Help client become a unified whole by integrating various aspects of the self
TECHNIQUES:
● Here-and now; historical events only important when they impinge upon current functioning
● Transference is counterproductive; help client distinguish between transference fantasy and
reality
● Primary factor: awareness—full understanding of own thoughts, feelings, and actions in the
here-and now
Techniques include: empty chair; Top Dog/ Under Dog- opposite sides of personality; guided fantasy; and dreamwork (client might role-play elements of dream as way to integrate parts of personality they represent)
Existential therapy
Emphasis on personal choice and responsibility to developing meaningful life and assume that people are
not static, but in constant state of evolving and becoming
VIEW OF MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR
● Inability to cope authentically with the ultimate concerns of existence
● Neurotic anxiety: attempt to avoid existential anxiety
GOALS AND TECHNIQUES
● Help client live a more committed, self-aware, authentic, and meaningful life
● Therapeutic relationship is considered to be most important tool
Reality therapy
Aka “choice theory”, developed by Glasser: people are responsible for the choices they make; focuses on how people make choices and how they affect their lives
PERSONALITY THEORY:
Five innate needs:
1) Survival
2) Love and belonging- most important
3) Power
4) Freedom
5) Fun
MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR
● Mental illness is a result of an individual’s choices; e.g., one chooses to “depress” himself
GOALS AND TECHNIQUES 1) Rejects medical model 2) Focuses on current behaviors and beliefs 3) Transference as detrimental to therapy progress 4) Conscious process are important 5) Emphasizes value of judgments, especially the client’s ability to judge what is right and wrong in his/her daily life Primary goal is to help client identify responsible and effective ways to satisfy their needs and develop success identity
Personal-construct therapy
Psychological processes are determined by the way he/she construes events (personal constructs)
TREATMENT, INTERVENTION, AND PREVENTION
Personal constructs are bipolar in dimensions of meaning (e.g. happy/ sad, competent/ incompetent)
Develop in infancy and may operate on an unconscious or conscious level
People act as scientists who continually test their personal constructs by checking accuracy of predictions and
revising constructs that lead to inaccurate predictions
MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR
● Result of inadequate personal constructs; e.g., anxiety is result of recognition that events lie outside of one’s construct system
GOALS AND TECHNIQUES:
● Therapist and client are mutual experts and co-experimenters
● Identify, revise, and replace maladaptive personal constructs so client is better able to “make sense” of his/her
experiences
● Assessment strategies: identify the content and process of the client’s construing
● Self-characterization sketch- client describes himself from the perspective of someone who knows him well
● Fixed-role therapy: clients “try-on” alternative personal constructs
Interpersonal therapy (IPT)
Developed by Klerman and Weissman- originally for treatment of depression, but successful in treatment for bipolar disorder, bulimia, and substance use disorder
● Influences by Meyer’s psychobiological approach, Sullivan’s interpersonal theory, and Bowlby’s attachment theory o Combines elements of psychodynamic therapy and CBT
VIEW OF MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR:
● Related to social roles and interpersonal relationships that are traceable to lack of strong attachments in early life GOALS AND TECHNIQUES:
● Focus is on current relationships; primary goals are on symptom-reduction & improved interpersonal functioning o Achieved through education of d/o, instillation of hope, and pharmacotherapy when necessary
o Interventions focus on four primary problem areas
1. Unresolved grief
2. Interpersonal role disputes
3. Role transitions
4. Interpersonal deficits
o Initial stage: conducts assessment to get dx, interpersonal context in which symptoms occur, and problem areas that will be focused in treatment
o Middle stage: use of specific strategies which may include encouragement of affect, communication analysis, and modeling and role-playing to establish new ways of interacting
o Final sessions- reviews progress and discusses termination and methods of relapse prevention
Solution-focused therapy
Focuses on solutions to the clients’ problems, rather than the problems themselves (de Shazar, 1985)
TREATMENT, INTERVENTION, AND PREVENTION 9 VIEW OF MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIORS:
● Understanding etiology of behavior is irrelevant; focus is on solutions GOALS AND TECHNIQUES
Client is viewed as the ”expert”, therapist is consultant who poses different types of questions to help client
recognize/ use own strengths and resources to achieve specific goals
o Miracle Question
o Exception Question- can you think of a time in the past week when you did not have the problem? o Scaling Questions: On a scale of 1-10…?
Initial session-identify specific goals, miracle question, identify exceptions and instances of success , rates current status in regard to problem; HW
Subsequent session- “what’s better since the last time we met?”; similar strategies to first session
Transtheoretical model
Prochaska & Associates (1992, 1997)- change entails progress through a series of predictable stages; analyzed 18 major approaches to therapy and found 10 empirically supported change processes (interventions):
- Consciousness raising
- Self-liberation
- Social liberation
- Dramatic relief
- Self-reevaluation
VIEW OF MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR - Counterconditioning
- Environmental reevaluation 8. Reinforcement management 9. Stimulus control
- Supportive relationships
● Does not address etiology; focuses on factors that facilitate behavior change GOALS AND TECHNIQUES
Stages of change - Precontemplation stage: little insight and no intent to change
- Contemplation stage: aware of need to change, intends to take action w/in 6 mo., but not committed to change
- Preparation stage: plans to take action in the immediate future; has a realistic plan of action
- Action stage: takes concrete steps to change; makes public commitment
- Maintenance stage: maintained change in behavior for at least 6 mo. and is taking steps to prevent relapse
- Termination stage: feels she/he can resist temptation and no risk of relapse
✔ Progression is not necessarily linear, may recycle through stages several times
✔ Interventions are most effective when they match the person’s stage
● Mediating variables include: decisional balance, self-efficacy, and temptation—these affect motivation o Decisional balance: strength of perceived pros and cons of the problem behavior
o Self-efficacy: the client’s confidence that he/she will be able to cope with high risk situations o Temptation: intensity of urges in problem behavior/ inversely related to self-efficacy
Motivational interviewing
(Miller & Rollnick, 1991, 2002)—developed for clients who are ambivalent about changing their behavior; first used for treatment of alcohol abuse/ dependence, but now applied to cigarette smoking, eating d/o, diabetes, and pain mgmt
● Derived from Roger’s client-centered and Bandura’s notion of self-efficacy
TREATMENT, INTERVENTION, AND PREVENTION 10
o Stresses therapist empathy, reflective listening, and responding to resistance in non-confrontational way
o Explicitly addresses the client’s beliefs about his/her ability to change VIEW OF MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR
● Not focus on etiology, but on factors that impeded an individual’s ability to change that behavior GOALS AND TECHNIQUES
● Primary goal: enhance the client’s intrinsic motivation to alter his/her own behavior by helping client examine and resolve ambivalence about changing
● 4 general principles
o Express empathy
o Develop discrepancies btw current behavior and personal goals and values o Roll with (rather than oppose) resistance
o Support self-efficacy
● Microskills:
o OARS: open-ended questions, affirmations, reflective listening, and summaries
Family therapies
Usually traced to the 1950s; approaches are influenced, to some degree, by general systems theory and cybernetics:
GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY: (Bertalanffy) a system is an entity that is maintained by the mutual interactions of its components and assumes that the actions of the interacting components are best understood by studying them in their context;
● Families are viewed as open system- continuously receives input from and discharges output to the environment and is more adaptable to change
● Tendency for family to act in ways that maintains equilibrium or status quo
● If one family member improves, the disturbance is likely to reappear elsewhere in the family CYBERNETICS: key feature is the concept of the feedback loop through which a system receives information
● A negative feedback loop: reduces deviation and helps a system maintain the status quo
● A positive feedback loop: amplifies deviation or change and thereby disrupts the system
o Can lead to breakdowns, but in most cases has beneficial effects
o Promotes appropriate change in dysfunctional family system
Ackerson- “grandfather of family therapy”; integrated principles of psychoanalysis and systems approach
Bateson: double-bind communication applied to schizophrenia verbal and nonverbal messages do not match
Bowen- repetition of certain family interaction over at least three generation involved in development of schizophrenia in individual; development of extended family systems approach
Communication/interaction family therapy
Grew out of research conducted in MRI, Palo Alto: recognition of the impact communication to family and individual functioning.
Two assumptions: all behavior is communication & all behavior has a “report” and “command” function.
o Report is informational aspect of communication
o Command is often convey nonverbally and makes a statement about the relationship btw communicators Communication (interaction patterns) are either symmetrical or complimentary
o Symmetrical: reflect equality (can lead to one-upmanship)
o Complementary- reflect inequality and maximizes differences between communicators
TREATMENT, INTERVENTION, AND PREVENTION 11 VIEW OF MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR
● Circular model of causality: symptom is both cause and effect of dysfunctional communication patterns THERAPY GOALS AND TECHNIQUES
● Alter interactional patterns that maintain presenting symptoms o Use of direct techniques
o Paradoxical strategies: e.g., prescribing the symptom and reframing
