ODD et al.

Question 1

What category do the disorders involving problems in the self-control of emotions and behaviors fall under?

Answer 1

Oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and intermittent explosive disorder

These disorders are recognized by the American Psychiatric Association.

Question 2

What are the characteristic symptoms required for a diagnosis of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)?

Answer 2

Four or more of the following symptoms:
* Often loses temper
* Is angry and resentful
* Often deliberately annoys others
* Often blames others for his/her mistakes or misbehavior

Symptoms must have lasted for at least six months.

Question 3

What is the prevalence of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in young children compared to older children and adolescents?

Answer 3

More common in boys than girls in young children; occurs equally in boys and girls in older children and adolescents.

Question 4

What is the relationship between oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder?

Answer 4

About 30% of children diagnosed with ODD eventually receive a diagnosis of conduct disorder.

Question 5

What type of treatment is most effective for individuals with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)?

Answer 5

Multimodal and tailored to the age, symptoms, and comorbidities of the child or adolescent.

Question 6

What are the categories of symptoms for conduct disorder (CD)?

Answer 6

Four categories:
* Aggression to people and animals
* Destruction of property
* Deceitfulness or theft
* Serious violation of rules.

Question 7

What is the age restriction for diagnosing conduct disorder (CD) in relation to antisocial personality disorder?

Answer 7

The diagnosis cannot be assigned to individuals over age 18 who meet the criteria for antisocial personality disorder.

Question 8

What are the three subtypes of conduct disorder (CD) as provided by the DSM-5-TR?

Answer 8

Three subtypes:
* Childhood-onset type
* Adolescent-onset type
* Unspecified onset.

Question 9

What is the association between childhood-onset conduct disorder and future diagnoses?

Answer 9

Higher degree of aggressiveness and greater risk for a future diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder and/or a substance-related disorder.

Question 10

What biological and environmental factors are linked to the etiology of conduct disorder?

Answer 10

Factors include:
* Heredity
* Abnormalities in brain structure and functioning
* Neurotransmitter and neuroendocrine abnormalities
* Prenatal exposure to opiates or alcohol
* Negative parenting practices.

Question 11

What neurotransmitter abnormalities are suggested to contribute to conduct disorder?

Answer 11

Reduced serotonin and dopamine.

Question 12

What did Fairchild and colleagues find regarding cortisol levels in adolescents with conduct disorder?

Answer 12

Adolescents with conduct disorder had higher evening cortisol levels but did not experience the typical increase in cortisol response to stress.

Question 13

What are Moffitt’s two types of antisocial behavior in relation to conduct disorder?

Answer 13

Two types:
* Life-course-persistent type
* Adolescence-limited type.

Question 14

What characterizes the life-course-persistent type of antisocial behavior?

Answer 14

A pattern of increasingly serious antisocial behaviors beginning in early childhood and continuing into adulthood.

Question 15

What characterizes the adolescence-limited type of antisocial behavior?

Answer 15

Temporary and situational behaviors due to a maturity gap between biological and social maturity.

Question 16

What is the typical prognosis for individuals with conduct disorder whose symptoms begin in adolescence?

Answer 16

For most individuals, conduct disorder remits by adulthood.

Question 17

What is the prognosis for individuals with childhood-onset conduct disorder?

Answer 17

Worse prognosis with an increased risk of criminal behavior, conduct disorder, and substance-related disorders in adulthood.

Question 18

What is the first-line treatment for Conduct Disorder (CD) and other disruptive behavior disorders?

Answer 18

Evidence-based psychosocial interventions

These interventions can be categorized as child-focused, parent-focused, family-focused, or multimodal.

Question 19

What is Problem-solving skills training (PSST)?

Answer 19

A child-focused intervention for children and adolescents with CD that helps them perceive feelings, understand consequences, and resolve conflicts

Developed by Kazdin in 2003.

Question 20

What is the purpose of Parent Management Training – Oregon model (PMTO)?

Answer 20

To help parents replace coercive practices with positive parenting techniques

Developed by Patterson, Reid, & Dishion in 1992.

Question 21

What ages does Parent Management Training (PMT) target?

Answer 21

Children aged 2 to 17 years old

Focuses on oppositional, aggressive, and/or antisocial behavior.

Question 22

What does Parent-child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) focus on?

Answer 22

Altering negative parent-child interactions

For parents of children aged 2 to 7 years with severe behavioral problems.

Question 23

What is Functional Family Therapy (FFT)?

Answer 23

An intervention for families with a child aged 11 to 18 who has externalizing behavior or substance use problems

Developed by Alexander et al. in 2000.

Question 24

What is the primary goal of Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT)?

Answer 24

To reduce adolescent substance use, aggression, and improve family functioning

Incorporates family systems theory, ecological theory, and developmental psychology.

Question 25

What is Multisystemic Therapy (MST)?

Answer 25

An intensive family and community-based intervention for adolescents aged 12 to 18 at risk for out-of-home placement

Based on Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory.

Question 26

What is the main finding regarding Scared Straight programs?

Answer 26

They tend to have harmful effects, increasing criminal behaviors in at-risk juveniles

Studies by Petrosino et al. in 2014 highlighted this issue.

Question 27

What characterizes Intermittent Explosive Disorder?

Answer 27

Recurrent behavioral outbursts due to failure to control aggressive impulses

Diagnosis includes specific frequency and impact criteria.

Question 28

What are the criteria for diagnosing Intermittent Explosive Disorder?

Answer 28

Verbal/physical aggression occurring twice weekly for three months or three outbursts causing property damage/injury in 12 months

Requires significant distress or impairment in functioning.

Question 29

At what age does Intermittent Explosive Disorder typically onset?

Answer 29

Usually in childhood or adolescence

The individual must be at least six years old or at the equivalent developmental level.

Question 30

Fill in the blank: Parent Management Training (PMT) focuses on replacing _______ with antecedents and consequences that foster desirable behaviors.

Answer 30

antecedents and consequences that maintain problematic behaviors

Based on operant conditioning principles.

Question 31

True or False: Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care (MTFC) is an alternative to residential care.

Answer 31

True

It provides intensive support for children needing behavioral management.

Question 32

What is the focus of the child-directed interaction phase in Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT)?

Answer 32

Enhancing the parent-child relationship

This is part of a two-phase approach in PCIT.

Question 33

What is the focus of the parent-directed interaction phase in PCIT?

Answer 33

Teaching parents effective disciplinary practices

Aimed at improving discipline strategies.