neurological and endocrine disorders Flashcards
What does CVA stand for?
Cerebrovascular Accident
What is the leading risk factor for stroke?
Hypertension
List three other risk factors for stroke.
- Atherosclerosis
- Heart disease
- Diabetes
What are the two main types of stroke?
- Ischemic stroke
- Hemorrhagic stroke
What is an ischemic stroke?
A stroke caused by blockage in a cerebral artery due to a blood clot.
What is a transient ischemic stroke (TIA)?
A blockage of an artery for less than five minutes causing temporary symptoms.
What are the symptoms of a stroke involving the middle cerebral artery?
- Contralateral sensory loss
- Contralateral hemiparesis or hemiplegia
- Contralateral homonymous hemianopsia
- Dysarthria
- Aphasia or apraxia
What type of brain injury is a TBI?
Traumatic Brain Injury
What distinguishes open head injuries from closed head injuries?
Open head injuries penetrate the skull, while closed head injuries do not.
What is anterograde amnesia?
Loss of the ability to create new memories after the event causing the amnesia.
What is the primary motor symptom of Huntington’s disease?
Chorea
What gene is responsible for Huntington’s disease?
Mutated version of the huntingtin (HTT) gene on chromosome 4.
What is the typical age range for the onset of symptoms in Huntington’s disease?
Between 30 and 50 years of age.
What neurotransmitters are associated with Huntington’s disease?
- GABA
- Dopamine
- Glutamate
What are the four primary motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?
- Tremor at rest
- Impaired balance and coordination
- Rigidity
- Bradykinesia
What is the first-line medication for Parkinson’s disease?
Levodopa
What is deep brain stimulation (DBS)?
A surgical treatment involving implanting electrodes to deliver electrical impulses to target areas in the brain.
True or False: There is a cure for Huntington’s disease.
False
Fill in the blank: A traumatic brain injury may produce a loss of _______.
consciousness
What are common cognitive symptoms of TBI?
- Anterograde amnesia
- Retrograde amnesia
- Impaired concentration and judgment
What is the expected prognosis for recovery from TBI?
Most recovery occurs in the first three months, with further improvement in the first year.
What is the primary treatment goal for Parkinson’s disease?
To relieve symptoms and improve quality of life.
What are post-traumatic seizures (PTS)?
Seizures that occur within one week after TBI.
What distinguishes post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) from PTS?
PTE occurs more than one week after TBI.
What symptoms may precede motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease?
Depressive symptoms
What is a seizure?
A seizure is a transient physical or behavioral alteration that results from abnormal electrical activity in the brain.
What are the two main types of seizures?
Focal onset seizures and generalized onset seizures.
What are provoked seizures?
Provoked seizures have a known cause, such as traumatic brain injury, CNS infection, stroke, fever, or alcohol withdrawal.