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family therapies Flashcards

1
Q

What theory forms the roots of most approaches to family therapy?

A

General systems theory and cybernetic theory

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2
Q

What does general systems theory predict about systems?

A

All systems consist of interacting components, are governed by the same general rules, and have homeostatic mechanisms

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3
Q

What are homeostatic mechanisms?

A

Mechanisms that help systems maintain a state of stability and equilibrium

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4
Q

What is the focus of cybernetic theory?

A

Mechanisms that regulate a system’s functioning

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5
Q

What distinguishes negative feedback loops from positive feedback loops?

A

Negative feedback loops resist change; positive feedback loops amplify change

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6
Q

Who were the early contributors to the application of general systems theory in family therapy?

A

Bateson and his colleagues at the Mental Research Institute

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7
Q

What problematic behavior is linked to double-bind communication?

A

The development of schizophrenia

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8
Q

What occurs in double-bind communication?

A

A person receives two contradictory messages and is not allowed to comment on the contradiction

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9
Q

What are symmetrical interactions?

A

Interactions that reflect equality and elicit similar behavior from the other person

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10
Q

What can happen to symmetrical interactions over time?

A

They can escalate in intensity and become a ‘one-upmanship game’

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11
Q

What do complementary interactions reflect?

A

Inequality in behavior, where one person assumes a dominant role and the other a subordinate role

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12
Q

What occurs when interactions between family members are exclusively symmetrical or complementary?

A

Problems occur in families

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13
Q

What recent philosophical movement has influenced family therapy?

A

Postmodernism

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14
Q

What does postmodernism challenge regarding general systems theory?

A

The premise that there are universal laws governing systems that can be discovered scientifically

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15
Q

What perspective do recent approaches to family therapy generally adopt?

A

Constructivist or social constructionist perspective

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16
Q

How do recent approaches view the process of family therapy?

A

As a shared process where the therapist collaborates with the family

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17
Q

Fill in the blank: Bateson distinguished between symmetrical and _______ interactions.

A

complementary

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18
Q

What is Bowen’s extended family systems therapy also known as?

A

Intergenerational and transgenerational family therapy

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19
Q

What does differentiation refer to in Bowen’s therapy?

A

A person’s ability to distinguish between their own feelings and thoughts

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20
Q

What happens when a family dyad experiences tension according to Bowen?

A

They may recruit a third family member to form an emotional triangle

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21
Q

Fill in the blank: The family projection process refers to the parents’ projection of their emotional immaturity onto their _______.

A

Children

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22
Q

What is the multigenerational transmission process?

A

Transmission of emotional immaturity from one generation to the next

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23
Q

What is the primary goal of Bowenian therapy?

A

To increase each family member’s differentiation

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24
Q

In Bowenian therapy, what is a genogram used for?

A

To depict family relationships and important life events for at least three generations

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25
Q

What does Minuchin’s structural family therapy assume about family member symptoms?

A

They are related to problems in the family’s structure

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26
Q

What are subsystems in structural family therapy?

A

Smaller units of the entire family system responsible for specific tasks

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27
Q

What type of boundary leads to enmeshed relationships?

A

Overly diffuse boundaries

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28
Q

What is a stable coalition in structural family therapy?

A

An inflexible alliance between one parent and a child against the other parent

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29
Q

True or False: An unstable coalition occurs when each parent demands that the child side with them.

A

True

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30
Q

What is the primary focus of structural family therapy?

A

Promoting behavior change rather than insight

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31
Q

What are the three overlapping phases of structural family therapy?

A

Joining, evaluating, and intervening

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32
Q

What technique involves adopting the family’s communication style in joining?

A

Mimesis

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33
Q

What does reframing involve in structural family therapy?

A

Relabeling a problematic behavior to view it constructively

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34
Q

What is unbalancing in the context of structural family therapy?

A

Altering hierarchical relationships by aligning with a family member

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35
Q

Fill in the blank: Boundary making is used to alter the degree of _______ between family members.

A

Proximity

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36
Q

What does enactment involve in structural family therapy?

A

Asking family members to role-play a problematic interaction

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37
Q

What is the primary assumption of Haley’s strategic family therapy?

A

Struggles for power and control in relationships are core features of family functioning.

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38
Q

How is a symptom viewed in strategic family therapy?

A

A symptom is a strategy that is adaptive to a current social situation for controlling a relationship when all other strategies have failed.

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39
Q

What often leads to maladaptive family functioning according to strategic family therapy?

A

Unclear or inappropriate hierarchies within a family.

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40
Q

What is the primary goal of strategic family therapy?

A

To alter family interactions that are maintaining its symptoms.

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41
Q

What role does the therapist assume in strategic family therapy?

A

An active role using a variety of strategies aimed at changing behavior.

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42
Q

What are the four stages of the initial session in strategic family therapy?

A
  • Social stage
  • Problem stage
  • Interactional stage
  • Goal-setting stage
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43
Q

What occurs during the social stage of the initial session?

A

The therapist welcomes the family and observes the family’s interactions.

44
Q

What happens in the problem stage of the initial session?

A

The therapist elicits each family member’s view of the family problem and its causes.

45
Q

What is the focus of the interactional stage in the initial session?

A

Family members discuss their different views of the family’s problem while the therapist observes their interactions.

46
Q

What is the aim of the goal-setting stage in the initial session?

A

To help family members agree on a definition of the family’s problem and set concrete therapy goals.

47
Q

What are straightforward directives in strategic family therapy?

A

Instructions to engage in specific behaviors that will change how family members interact.

48
Q

What are paradoxical directives in strategic family therapy?

A

Strategies that help family members realize they have control over problematic behavior.

49
Q

What does prescribing the symptom involve?

A

Instructing family members to engage in the problematic behavior, often in an exaggerated way.

50
Q

What is the purpose of restraining in strategic family therapy?

A

Encouraging family members not to change or warning them not to change too quickly.

51
Q

What is an ordeal in the context of strategic family therapy?

A

An unpleasant task that a family member is asked to perform whenever engaging in undesirable behavior.

52
Q

What is the primary assumption of Milan systemic family therapy?

A

The family as a whole protects itself from change through homeostatic rules and patterns of communication.

53
Q

What are family games in Milan systemic family therapy?

A

Patterns of communication that are rigid and involve power struggles between family members.

54
Q

Who are leading contributors to systemic family therapy?

A
  • Salvini-Palazzoli
  • Boscolo
  • Ceechin
  • Prata
55
Q

What is the primary goal of Milan systemic family therapy?

A

To alter the family rules and communication patterns that are maintaining problematic behavior.

56
Q

What distinguishes Milan systemic family therapy from other family therapies?

A

Its use of a therapeutic team and five-part therapy sessions with gaps of four to six weeks between sessions.

57
Q

What does hypothesizing involve in Milan systemic family therapy?

A

A continual interactive process of speculating and making assumptions about the family situation.

58
Q

What does neutrality refer to in Milan systemic family therapy?

A

The therapist’s interest in the family’s situation and acceptance of each family member’s perception of the problem.

59
Q

What is circular questioning?

A

Asking each family member the same question to identify differences in perceptions about events and relationships.

60
Q

What is positive connotation in Milan systemic family therapy?

A

A type of reframing that helps family members view a symptom as beneficial to the family’s cohesion and well-being.

61
Q

What are family rituals in Milan systemic family therapy?

A

Activities carried out by family members between sessions to alter problematic family games.

62
Q

Fill in the blank: In Milan systemic family therapy, problematic behaviors are often associated with __________.

A

[dirty games]

63
Q

What is conjoint family therapy also known as?

A

The human validation process model

It was influenced by humanistic psychology and communication and experiential approaches to family therapy.

64
Q

According to Satir, what causes family problems?

A

Problems arise when balance is maintained by unrealistic expectations, inappropriate rules and roles, and dysfunctional communication.

65
Q

What are the four dysfunctional communication styles identified by Satir?

A
  • Placating
  • Blaming
  • Computing
  • Distracting
66
Q

What characterizes the congruent communication style?

A

Congruence between verbal and nonverbal messages, directness and authenticity, and emotional engagement with others.

67
Q

What is the primary goal of conjoint family therapy?

A

Enhance the growth potential of family members by increasing their self-esteem, strengthening problem-solving skills, and helping them communicate congruently.

68
Q

What is considered the most important therapeutic tool in conjoint family therapy?

A

The therapist’s ‘use of the self’.

69
Q

What roles do therapists take in conjoint family therapy?

A
  • Facilitator
  • Mediator
  • Advocate
  • Educator
  • Role model
70
Q

What is family sculpting in conjoint family therapy?

A

Having each family member position others to depict their view of family relationships.

71
Q

What is the purpose of family reconstruction in conjoint family therapy?

A

To role-play three generations of the family to explore unresolved family issues and events.

72
Q

What do practitioners of narrative family therapy believe about a person’s problems?

A

Problems arise from oppressive stories which dominate the person’s life.

73
Q

What is the primary goal of narrative family therapy?

A

Replace problem-saturated stories with alternative stories that support more satisfying and preferred outcomes.

74
Q

What are the general stages of narrative family therapy?

A
  • Meeting family members
  • Listening
  • Separating family members from their problems
  • Enacting preferred narratives
  • Solidifying
75
Q

What is externalizing in narrative family therapy?

A

Separating family members from their problems to view them as external.

76
Q

What techniques are used in narrative family therapy?

A
  • Externalizing questions
  • Opening space questions
  • Therapeutic letters
  • Therapeutic certificates
  • Definitional ceremonies
77
Q

What is emotionally focused therapy (EFT) originally developed for?

A

As a treatment for couples.

78
Q

What are the contraindications for EFT?

A
  • Partners have different agendas for their relationship
  • Emotional vulnerability is not safe
  • Untreated substance use disorder
79
Q

What are the assumptions of emotionally focused therapy?

A
  • Emotions are essential to attachment behaviors
  • Attachment needs are healthy but can lead to problems in insecurities
  • Relationship distress is maintained by interaction patterns and emotional experiences
80
Q

What is the primary goal of EFT?

A

Expand and restructure emotional experiences to develop new interactional patterns.

81
Q

What are the three stages of emotionally focused therapy?

A
  • Assessment and cycle de-escalation
  • Changing interactional positions and creating new bonding events
  • Consolidation and integration
82
Q

What is EMDR and how has it been integrated into couples therapy?

A

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing; integrated into EFT for couples affected by trauma.

83
Q

What did Knox (2015) find regarding couples who received combined EFT and EMDR?

A

They experienced the greatest improvement in marital satisfaction and attachment security.

84
Q

What is Functional Family Therapy (FFT)?

A

An evidence-based treatment for at-risk adolescents and their families that incorporates elements of structural, strategic, and behavioral family therapy.

85
Q

What is the primary goal of Functional Family Therapy?

A

To replace problematic behaviors with nonproblematic behaviors that fulfill the same relationship functions.

86
Q

How many sessions does Functional Family Therapy typically involve?

A

8 to 30 sessions over a 3- to 6-month period.

87
Q

What are the three stages of Functional Family Therapy?

A
  • Engagement and motivation stage
  • Behavior change stage
  • Generalization stage
88
Q

What is emphasized during the engagement and motivation stage of FFT?

A

Forming a therapeutic alliance and reducing feelings of hopelessness.

89
Q

What techniques are used in the engagement and motivation stage of FFT?

A
  • Joining
  • Reframing
90
Q

What happens during the behavior change stage of FFT?

A

Immediate and long-term behavioral goals are identified and an individualized treatment plan is implemented.

91
Q

What techniques are utilized in the behavior change stage of FFT?

A
  • Training in parenting
  • Communication
  • Problem-solving
  • Coping skills
92
Q

What is the focus during the generalization stage of FFT?

A

Linking family members to community resources and helping them apply acquired skills to new problems.

93
Q

What is Multisystemic Therapy (MST)?

A

An evidence-based treatment originally developed for adolescent offenders at risk for out-of-home placement and adapted for other serious clinical problems.

94
Q

What model is Multisystemic Therapy based on?

A

Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model.

95
Q

What are the nine treatment principles of MST?

A
  • Finding the fit between identified problems and their broader systemic context
  • Focusing on positives and strengths
  • Increasing responsibility
  • Being present-focused, action-oriented, and well-defined
  • Targeting behavior sequences
  • Using developmentally appropriate interventions
  • Encouraging continuous effort
  • Stressing evaluation and accountability
  • Promoting generalization
96
Q

Where is Multisystemic Therapy provided?

A

In the family’s home and community settings.

97
Q

What is a key factor that MST targets in therapy?

A

Factors driving problem behaviors.

98
Q

What does the MST Do-Loop refer to?

A

An analytic process that structures the development, implementation, and evaluation of the treatment plan.

99
Q

What does research indicate about the effectiveness of MST?

A

Effectiveness is reduced when treatment fidelity is low.

100
Q

What components are included in the quality assurance system for MST?

A
  • Initial and booster training of therapists
  • Ongoing supervision and consultation
  • Evaluation measures for therapist adherence
  • Program implementation review every 6 months
101
Q

What are the formative stages of group therapy according to Yalom and Leszcz?

A
  • Initial orientation and dependency
  • Conflict, dominance, and rebellion
  • Development of cohesiveness
102
Q

What characterizes the initial orientation stage of group therapy?

A

Group members clarify the nature and purpose of the group and depend on the leader for structure.

103
Q

What occurs during the conflict, dominance, and rebellion stage?

A

Members compete for power and control and may become critical of each other.

104
Q

What is the hallmark of the development of cohesiveness stage?

A

Conflict decreases and trust among members increases.

105
Q

What are the therapeutic factors described by Yalom and Leszcz?

A
  • Group cohesiveness
  • Instillation of hope
  • Universality
  • Altruism
  • Imparting information
  • Development of socializing techniques
  • Corrective recapitulation of the primary family group
  • Interpersonal learning
  • Imitative behavior
  • Catharsis
  • Existential factors
106
Q

Which therapeutic factor is considered the analogue of the therapeutic alliance in individual therapy?

A

Group cohesiveness.

107
Q

True or False: Cohesiveness is viewed as a precondition for other therapeutic factors.

A

True.

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