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the EPPPi pen > Piaget And Vygotsky Walk Into A Bar > Flashcards

Piaget And Vygotsky Walk Into A Bar Flashcards

1
Q

What is Piaget’s Constructivist Theory?

A

Cognitive development relies on biological maturation and experience; it is an active process where a child constructs knowledge by interacting with the environment.

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2
Q

What motivates cognitive development according to Piaget?

A

Equilibration, an innate drive toward a state of equilibrium between current ways of thinking and the environment.

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3
Q

What are the two processes involved in adaptation?

A
  • Assimilation
  • Accommodation
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4
Q

Define assimilation in Piaget’s theory.

A

When a child attempts to understand a new object or situation using an existing cognitive schema.

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5
Q

Define accommodation in Piaget’s theory.

A

When a child modifies an existing cognitive schema or creates a new schema to fit a new object or situation.

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6
Q

What are Piaget’s four universal stages of cognitive development?

A
  • Sensorimotor
  • Preoperational
  • Concrete operational
  • Formal operational
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7
Q

What is the age range for the sensorimotor stage?

A

Birth to about 2 years of age.

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8
Q

What is object permanence?

A

The ability to recognize that people and objects continue to exist even when they can’t be seen or heard.

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9
Q

What is representational thought?

A

The ability to use mental images, gestures, and words to represent people, objects, and events.

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10
Q

What occurs during the preoperational stage?

A

Children engage in representational thought and more sophisticated make-believe play.

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11
Q

What is egocentrism?

A

The inability to understand that other people don’t experience things the same way one does.

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12
Q

What is magical thinking?

A

The belief that just thinking about something can make it happen.

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13
Q

What is centration?

A

The tendency to focus on one aspect of an object or situation to the exclusion of all other aspects.

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14
Q

What is the age range for the concrete operational stage?

A

About 7 to 12 years of age.

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15
Q

What is conservation in cognitive development?

A

The understanding that certain physical characteristics of an object stay the same when the object’s outward appearance changes.

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16
Q

What is horizontal decalage?

A

The gradual development of a skill within a single stage of development.

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17
Q

What is the age range for the formal operational stage?

A

Begins at about 12 years of age and continues into adulthood.

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18
Q

What is hypothetical-deductive reasoning?

A

The ability to derive and test alternative hypotheses to determine the solution to a problem.

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19
Q

What are the two characteristics of adolescent egocentrism identified by Elkind?

A
  • Imaginary audience
  • Personal fable
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20
Q

True or False: Piaget’s theory suggests cognitive development is a continuous process.

A

False

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21
Q

What criticism has been made regarding Piaget’s theory?

A

It underestimates the abilities of infants and young children.

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22
Q

Fill in the blank: Piaget’s stages of cognitive development are classified as _______.

A

discontinuous

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23
Q

What is deferred imitation?

A

The ability to remember the actions of other people and imitate those actions at a later time.

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24
Q

What does the preoperational child’s thought process lead to?

A

Transductive reasoning and limitations in conservation.

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25
Q

What role do peers play in cognitive development according to Piaget?

A

They help children reach new conclusions and adopt new perspectives.

26
Q

What does Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory emphasize about cognitive development?

A

Cognitive development is influenced by social and cultural factors

Vygotsky proposed that cognitive development occurs first on an interpersonal level and then on an intrapersonal level.

27
Q

What is private speech according to Vygotsky?

A

Speech that children utter aloud to guide their actions

Frequent use of private speech is associated with more effective problem-solving.

28
Q

At what age does private speech begin to be replaced by inner speech?

A

About 7 years of age

Older children, adolescents, and adults may revert to private speech when faced with difficult tasks.

29
Q

What is the zone of proximal development?

A

The gap between what a child can do independently and with assistance

Learning is most rapid when it occurs within this zone.

30
Q

What is scaffolding in the context of Vygotsky’s theory?

A

Assistance provided to a child by another person

Effective scaffolding involves prompts, questions, and feedback rather than just providing answers.

31
Q

What is the definition of Theory of Mind (ToM)?

A

The ability to explain and predict others’ behavior by attributing independent mental states

These states include beliefs and desires.

32
Q

What age range is associated with the development of Theory of Mind?

A

Between 3 and 5 years of age

False-belief tasks are used to assess ToM development.

33
Q

What is the misinformation effect?

A

When memories of an event are altered by exposure to misleading information

This effect contributes to the inaccuracy of eyewitness testimony.

34
Q

How does suggestibility in eyewitness testimony change with age?

A

Suggestibility declines with increasing age

Young children’s testimony tends to be the least accurate.

35
Q

What is childhood amnesia?

A

The inability of most adults to recall events from before the age of 3 or 4

Several explanations for this phenomenon have been proposed, including limited language skills and undeveloped sense of self.

36
Q

What is the reminiscence bump?

A

Increased memory for events that occurred during mid-adolescence to mid-20s

This period is significant for adult identity formation.

37
Q

Which type of memory experiences the greatest age-related decline in older adults?

A

Recent long-term (secondary) memory

This is followed by declines in working memory.

38
Q

What are the two primary aspects of long-term memory?

A

Declarative and nondeclarative memory

Declarative memory includes episodic and semantic memories.

39
Q

What is self-defining memory (SDM)?

A

Memories that contribute to the construction and maintenance of personal identity

SDMs are characterized by emotional intensity, vividness, and connections to enduring concerns.

40
Q

How do older adults’ self-defining memories compare to those of younger adults?

A

Older adults’ SDMs are rated as more vivid and positive

They often include statements addressing lessons learned about themselves.

41
Q

What is the synchrony effect?

A

Age-related differences in optimal performance times for cognitive tasks

Older adults perform better in the morning while younger adults peak in the late afternoon and evening.

42
Q

Fill in the blank: According to Vygotsky, learning is most rapid when it occurs within a child’s _______.

A

zone of proximal development

43
Q

True or False: Older adults show significant decline in semantic memory with age.

A

False

Semantic memory shows little or no age-related decline.

44
Q

What have studies found regarding sex differences in cognitive abilities and personality traits?

A

Reliable differences are rare and, when they occur, are relatively small.

45
Q

How do girls and boys compare in mathematical abilities by adolescence?

A

Girls outperform boys in computational skills; boys outperform girls in mathematical reasoning and problem-solving strategies.

46
Q

In terms of verbal abilities, how do girls and boys perform?

A

Girls score higher on measures like speech fluency and reading; boys outperform girls on verbal analogies.

47
Q

Which sex generally scores higher in visual/spatial abilities?

A

Boys obtain higher scores, especially in tasks requiring mental rotation.

48
Q

What trend is observed regarding aggression between boys and girls?

A

Boys engage in more physical aggression from age 2; studies on relational aggression show inconsistent results.

49
Q

What has research shown about self-esteem differences between genders?

A

Self-esteem is higher among males than females starting in late childhood, persisting into late adulthood.

50
Q

Describe the lifespan trajectory of self-esteem for both genders.

A

Self-esteem is high in childhood, drops in adolescence, increases from late adolescence to middle adulthood, then declines in late adulthood.

51
Q

How does the gender gap in self-esteem vary across cultures?

A

Larger in individualistic, developed countries; smaller in collectivistic, less developed countries.

52
Q

What developmental vulnerabilities do boys face compared to girls?

A

Boys are more vulnerable to pre- and perinatal hazards, diseases, and developmental problems.

53
Q

What are some developmental problems boys are more likely to experience?

A
  • Autism spectrum disorder
  • Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
  • Intellectual disability
  • Speech defects
54
Q

What role do social and cultural factors play in cognitive abilities and personality traits?

A

They contribute to differences, alongside innate biological differences, influenced by gender-role stereotypes.

55
Q

How do parents’ gender-role stereotypes affect their children’s math abilities?

A
  • Expect sons to outperform daughters
  • Attribute sons’ successes to ability, daughters’ to effort
56
Q

What impact do children’s internalization of parental views have on their math skills?

A

Boys feel confident; girls tend to underestimate and feel anxious about their math skills.

57
Q

What are the consequences of girls believing they lack math ability?

A

They tend to be uninterested in math and are less likely to take math classes or pursue math-related careers.

58
Q

When does gender-typing by parents often begin?

A

Even before the birth of their offspring.

59
Q

How do parents often prepare for the arrival of their infants based on biological sex?

A
  • Choosing gender-stereotyped clothing and toys
  • Decorating infants’ rooms in gender-consistent ways
60
Q

How do parents perceive and treat newborns differently based on gender?

A
  • Describe daughters as soft, delicate, and pretty
  • Describe sons as strong, alert, and well-coordinated

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