Cross-cultural Considerations Flashcards
What is the definition of worldview according to Sue?
Worldview affects how we perceive and evaluate situations and how we derive appropriate actions based on our appraisal.
Sue (2006) discusses the influence of culture on worldview.
What are the four dimensions of locus of control and responsibility?
- Internal locus of control and internal locus of responsibility (IC-IR)
- Internal locus of control and external locus of responsibility (IC-ER)
- External locus of control and external locus of responsibility (EC-ER)
- External locus of control and internal locus of responsibility (EC-IR)
These dimensions describe different beliefs about control and responsibility in outcomes.
Which worldview is characteristic of mainstream American culture?
Internal locus of control and internal locus of responsibility (IC-IR)
This worldview emphasizes personal control and accountability.
What can affect the therapeutic relationship according to Sue and his colleagues?
A difference in a therapist’s and client’s worldviews.
For example, clients with an IC-ER worldview may find it challenging to connect with a therapist who has an IC-IR worldview.
What are the four acculturation strategies proposed by Berry?
- Integration: retain own culture and adopt majority culture
- Assimilation: reject own culture and adopt majority culture
- Separation: retain own culture and reject majority culture
- Marginalization: reject both own culture and majority culture
These strategies reflect different approaches to cultural integration.
What is acculturative stress?
A stress reaction in response to life events rooted in the experience of acculturation.
Berry (2005) discusses the impact of unresolved acculturation problems.
Which acculturation strategy experiences the least acculturative stress?
Integration strategy.
Those who adopt an integration strategy manage to balance both cultures effectively.
What does cultural distance refer to?
Differences in the culture of an immigrant’s home country and the culture of the host country.
Factors include language, core values, and beliefs.
What is cultural fit?
The degree to which an immigrant’s personality and attributes align with the cultural values of the host country.
A good cultural fit facilitates adaptation.
What is healthy cultural paranoia?
A normal reaction to prejudice and discrimination that involves suspicion and distrust, but allows for self-disclosure under certain conditions.
This concept differs from functional paranoia, which is unhealthy and pervasive.
What are racial microaggressions?
Brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioral, or environmental indignities that communicate hostile or derogatory racial slights.
Sue et al. (2007) define this term and its implications.
What are the three types of microaggressions?
- Microassaults: explicit racial derogations
- Microinsults: insensitive verbal/nonverbal messages
- Microinvalidations: communications that negate a person’s reality
Each type varies in intent and impact on individuals.
True or False: Microassaults are usually unintentional.
False.
Microassaults are typically explicit and intentional acts of racism.
Fill in the blank: Microinsults may include pathologizing the _______ of people of color.
culture
This reflects a dismissive attitude towards cultural differences and identities.
What happens when someone experiences microinvalidations?
Their psychological thoughts, feelings, or experiential reality are negated or nullified.
This can lead to feelings of invisibility or alienation.
What is internalized racism?
Acceptance of society’s negative beliefs and stereotypes related to one’s own racial group
Also known as internalized racial oppression.
What is colorism?
Discrimination within a racial group based primarily on skin hue or color
May also include other physical characteristics such as hair texture and eye color.
Who coined the term ‘color consciousness’?
Colorism is also known as color consciousness
This term reflects preferences for lighter skin over darker skin within a community of color.
What is white privilege?
Unearned benefits conferred upon White individuals based solely on skin color
These benefits are often inaccessible to racial/ethnic minorities.
Who described white privilege and in what year?
Peggy McIntosh in 1998
What are some examples of white privilege?
Examples include:
* Shopping without being followed
* Seeing people of their race widely represented on television
* Protecting children from negative racial perceptions
* Not being called to speak for one’s racial group
At what levels does white privilege occur?
White privilege occurs at both macro and micro levels
Macro level involves systemic benefits; micro level involves intrapsychic and interpersonal aspects.
What are some negative consequences of white privilege for racial/ethnic minorities?
Consequences include:
* Economic disadvantages
* Political disenfranchisement
* Social costs
What negative effects can unacknowledged white privilege have on White individuals?
Effects include:
* Distorted beliefs about race
* Limited exposure to diverse cultures
* Irrational fears of different races
What is the emic perspective in psychology?
Belief that behavior is affected by culture
Psychological theories may not apply across different cultures.
What is the etic perspective in psychology?
Belief that behavior is similar across cultures
The same psychological theories apply to everyone, regardless of cultural background.
What are autoplastic interventions?
Interventions focusing on making changes in the client to adapt to the environment
Examples include gaining insight into problems or changing behavior.
What are alloplastic interventions?
Interventions focusing on altering the environment to fit the client’s needs
An example is removing oneself from a stressful situation.
What does cultural encapsulation refer to?
Inability of some mental health professionals to work effectively with different cultural backgrounds
Culturally encapsulated professionals are insensitive to cultural differences.
What is the difference between tight and loose cultures?
Tight cultures have strong social norms and low tolerance for deviant behaviors; loose cultures have weak norms and high tolerance
This concept relates to ecological and human-made challenges.
What are some characteristics of tight cultures?
Characteristics include:
* Greater conformity to social norms
* Risk avoidance behaviors
* Preference for stability
What are some characteristics of loose cultures?
Characteristics include:
* Willingness to deviate from social norms
* Engagement in risk-taking and innovative behaviors
* Openness to change
How do individuals in tight states differ from those in loose states in terms of personality traits?
Tight states have higher conscientiousness and lower openness to experience
The opposite is true for individuals in loose states.
What is the Integration Paradox?
Higher-status immigrants report more discrimination and less identification with mainstream society than lower-status immigrants
This phenomenon is explained by their greater access to mainstream society and heightened awareness of discrimination.
What are two explanations for the Integration Paradox?
- Higher-status immigrants encounter more discrimination due to greater access to mainstream society
- Higher education leads to increased awareness and interpretation of experiences as discriminatory
What is the difference between the Integration Paradox and the Immigrant Paradox?
The Immigrant Paradox refers to recent immigrants having better health and educational outcomes than established immigrants and nonimmigrants
This distinction highlights different experiences and outcomes for immigrant groups.
Define High-Context Communication.
A communication style that relies heavily on group understanding, nonverbal cues, and context
Characteristic of several cultural minority groups.
Define Low-Context Communication.
A communication style that relies on verbal messages and is independent of context
Characteristic of the White (mainstream) culture.
What is Diagnostic Overshadowing?
The tendency to attribute all problems of individuals with a diagnosis of intellectual disability to that diagnosis, overlooking other issues
This concept has been extended to other client characteristics.
What is Own-Race Bias (ORB)?
The tendency to more accurately perceive and identify faces of individuals of one’s own race compared to others
ORB is prevalent across all racial groups, with variations in prevalence.
What are the implications of Own-Race Bias in eyewitness testimony?
Cross-race identifications lead to more misidentifications (false alarms) than own-race identifications
This highlights the importance of recognizing biases in legal contexts.
What does Minority Stress Theory explain?
The increased risk for mental health problems among sexual-minority individuals due to chronic stressors from stigmatization
What are proximal and distal minority stress processes?
- Proximal processes: Concealment, fear of rejection, internalized heterosexism
- Distal processes: Verbal and physical harassment, prejudice, discrimination
What is meant by credibility in the context of therapy?
The client’s perception of the therapist as trustworthy, influenced by ascribed and achieved status
Ascribed status includes age and gender, while achieved status includes the therapist’s expertise.
What is the role of gift giving in therapy with Asian American clients?
Gift giving refers to the perceived direct benefits a client receives from therapy, such as reassurance and normalization of feelings
What is Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology (EBPP)?
The integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture, and preferences
What distinguishes evidence-based interventions from evidence-based practice?
Evidence-based interventions refer specifically to treatments with consistent scientific evidence for improving client outcomes
Evidence-based practice is a broader term encompassing various aspects of clinical work.
What are culturally adapted interventions?
Systematic modifications of evidence-based treatments to be compatible with the client’s cultural patterns, language, and values
What is the fidelity-adaptation dilemma?
The challenge of balancing standardized implementation of treatments with sensitivity to individual client needs
What findings support the effectiveness of culturally adapted interventions?
- They provide benefits to intervention outcomes, especially for adults
- More effective when adding features rather than replacing components
- Most beneficial for clients with high needs, such as limited English proficiency
What is culturally competent psychotherapy?
A psychotherapy approach characterized by cultural awareness, knowledge, and skills necessary to provide effective services to diverse populations.
Referenced from Sue & Torino, 2005.
What should therapists consider when working with African American clients?
Therapists should consider:
* Client’s cultural identity
* Level of acculturation
* Worldview
* Environmental factors like racism
* Extended kinship networks
* Flexible family roles
* Empowering the client
Guidance from Paniagua, 2014; Sue & Sue, 2015.
What therapeutic approach is recommended for African American clients?
A multisystems approach that intervenes in various systems including family, community, and social services.
Recommended by Boyd-Franklin, 2003.
What cultural values should therapists be aware of when working with American Indian clients?
Therapists should recognize:
* Importance of family, community, and tribe
* Values of cooperation, sharing, and generosity
* View of wellness as harmony of mind, body, and spirit
Guidance from LaFromboise, Trimble, and Mohatt, 1990.
What is the preferred communication style for American Indian clients?
Nonverbal communication is emphasized; listening is more important than talking, and direct eye contact may be seen as disrespectful.
Therapists should foster a collaborative relationship.
What key considerations should therapists keep in mind for Hispanic/Latino American clients?
Therapists should consider:
* Client’s cultural identity
* Environmental contributors to presenting problems
* Somatic expressions of psychological symptoms
* Family welfare over individual welfare
* Cultural practices like formalismo and personalismo
These considerations are vital for effective therapy.
Which therapeutic approaches are preferred by Hispanic/Latino American clients?
Preferred approaches include:
* Cognitive-behavior therapy
* Solution-focused therapy
* Family therapy
* Group therapy
Incorporating culturally congruent techniques is beneficial.
What should therapists understand about Asian American clients?
Therapists should understand:
* Cultural identity and acculturation levels
* Holistic view of mind and body
* Family dynamics and traditional gender roles
* Fear of losing face and shame
Awareness of these factors aids in effective treatment.
What is the significance of sexual identity milestones for LGBTQ clients?
Sexual identity milestones include:
* Awareness of same-sex attraction
* Self-identification as LGBTQ
* Same-sex sexual behavior
* Disclosure to friends and family
These milestones impact mental health and therapy outcomes.
True or False: LGBTQ individuals utilize mental health services at lower rates than heterosexual individuals.
False
Research shows higher utilization rates among LGBTQ individuals.
What is affirmative therapy for LGBTQ clients?
A therapy characterized by the integration of knowledge and awareness of LGBTQ development and cultural aspects into effective therapy skills.
Defined by Perez, 2007.
What are common mental health issues among older adults?
Common issues include:
* Anxiety
* Depression
* Physical and cognitive symptom complaints
Symptoms may differ from younger adults.
What general guidelines should therapists follow when working with older adults?
Guidelines include:
* Assess personal attitudes about aging
* Recognize heterogeneity among older adults
* Distinguish between normative and illness-related changes
* Tailor treatment to cognitive and physical needs
Guidance from APA’s 2014 Guidelines.
Fill in the blank: Older adults may respond more _______ to therapy compared to younger adults.
slowly
What is the first stage of Atkinson, Morten, and Sue’s Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model?
Conformity
In this stage, individuals have neutral or negative attitudes toward their own minority group and positive attitudes toward the majority group.
What characterizes the dissonance stage in the R/CID Model?
Questioning attitudes due to exposure to contradictory information
Individuals become aware of racism and show interest in their own culture.
In the resistance and immersion stage of the R/CID Model, what type of attitudes do individuals have?
Positive toward their own group, negative toward the majority group
They may not seek therapy due to suspicion of mental health services.
What is a key concern for individuals in the introspection stage of the R/CID Model?
Concerns about biases affecting judgments of other groups
They may prefer a therapist from their own group but are open to others who understand their worldview.
What is the final stage of Atkinson, Morten, and Sue’s Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model?
Integrative Awareness
Individuals are secure in their cultural identity and committed to eliminating oppression.
What was the original name of Cross’s Black Racial Identity Development Model?
Nigrescence Model
This model has undergone several revisions since its inception.
What characterizes the pre-encounter stage in Cross’s model?
Idealization of White culture and negative attitudes toward Black culture
Individuals may view their own culture as an obstacle.
In the encounter stage of Cross’s model, what prompts individuals to question their views?
Exposure to events highlighting the impact of racism
This leads to an interest in their own culture.
What do individuals in the immersion-emersion stage of Cross’s model do?
Reject White culture and immerse in their own culture
This stage reflects a strong identification with Black culture.
What happens during the internalization stage of Cross’s model?
Defensiveness decreases, and individuals develop a positive Black identity
They begin to tolerate and respect cultural differences.
What is the primary focus of the internalization-commitment stage in Cross’s model?
Commitment to social activism
Individuals work to reduce all forms of oppression.
How many stages does Cross and Vandiver’s revised Black Racial Identity Development Model have?
Three stages
Each stage includes multiple identity subtypes.
What does the Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (MMRI) propose?
Racial identity varies across time and situations
It emphasizes the significance of racial identity for African Americans.
Define racial salience as per the MMRI.
The relevance of a person’s race to their self-concept in a specific situation
It may increase in response to discrimination.
What is racial centrality?
The extent to which a person defines themselves in terms of race
It is relatively stable compared to salience.
What are the two types of racial regard in the MMRI?
Private regard and public regard
Private regard is how individuals feel about being African American; public regard is how they believe others perceive African Americans.
List the four racial ideologies identified in the MMRI.
- Nationalist ideology
- Oppressed minority ideology
- Assimilationist ideology
- Humanist ideology
Each ideology reflects different beliefs about African American experiences and interactions with society.
True or False: A person’s racial ideology is fixed and does not change based on context.
False
A person’s ideology may shift depending on the situation.
What are the two phases of Helms’s White Racial Identity Development (WRID) Model?
Abandonment of racism and defining a nonracist White identity
What characterizes the Contact status in Helms’s WRID Model?
Lack of awareness of racism and satisfaction with the racial status quo
People in this status usually describe themselves as being colorblind and have had limited contact with racial minority groups.
What is the information processing strategy (IPS) for the Contact status?
Obliviousness
What leads individuals to transition to the Disintegration status in Helms’s WRID Model?
Awareness of contradictions creating race-related moral dilemmas
What IPS is associated with the Disintegration status?
Suppression and ambivalence
What do individuals in the Reintegration status believe?
Whites are superior to minority group members
What is the IPS for the Reintegration status?
Selective perception and negative out-group distortion
What characterizes the Pseudo-Independence status?
Superficial tolerance of minority group members with paternalistic attitudes
What is the IPS for the Pseudo-Independence status?
Reshaping reality and selective perception
What do individuals seek to understand in the Immersion-Emersion status?
Personal meaning of racism and understanding of White privilege
What is the IPS for the Immersion-Emersion status?
Hypervigilance and reshaping
What defines the Autonomy status in Helms’s WRID Model?
Development of a nonracist White identity and valuing diversity
What is the IPS for the Autonomy status?
Flexibility and complexity
How does a White therapist’s identity status affect their effectiveness?
It impacts their effectiveness when working with clients from minority groups
What is the first stage in Troiden’s Model of Homosexual Identity Development?
Sensitization
What characterizes the Identity Confusion stage?
Feeling sexually attracted to the same sex and experiencing uncertainty and anxiety
What occurs during the Identity Assumption stage?
Acceptance of a gay or lesbian identity and seeking social relationships with other gays or lesbians
What defines the Identity Commitment stage?
Internalization of a gay or lesbian identity and comfort in disclosing sexual orientation
What does Worthington et al.’s model of heterosexual identity development focus on?
Acknowledgment and definition of sexual needs, values, orientation, and preferences
What is characterized by ‘Unexplored commitment’ in Worthington et al.’s model?
Sexual identity reflecting societal mandates and avoidance of sexual self-exploration
What does ‘Active exploration’ entail in Worthington et al.’s model?
Purposeful exploration of one’s sexual needs, values, and preferences
What is the characteristic of the Diffusion status in sexual identity development?
Absence of active exploration and commitment
What does the Deepening and commitment status involve?
Moving toward greater commitment to identified sexual needs and values
What is marked by the Synthesis status in Worthington et al.’s model?
Integration of sexual identity with other identities
What did Konik and Stewart (2004) find about sexual-minority-identified individuals?
They often describe their sexual identities as more salient and development as more effortful
True or False: Heterosexual-identified participants scored higher on advanced stages of global identity development.
False
What might facilitate achievement of other aspects of identity for sexual-minority-identified individuals?
The greater effort in developing a sexual identity
