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DMD > The Cell (Focus) > Flashcards

The Cell (Focus) Flashcards

1
Q

the structural and functional unit of the living body

A

Cell

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2
Q

Unit membrane having the “fluid mosaic model” and semi permeable membrane

A

Cell Membrane

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3
Q

Forms a thin loose covering over the entire surface of the cell membrane

A

Glycocalyx

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4
Q

surface of the cell membrane attached with proteins

A

Glycoproteins

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5
Q

surface of the cell membrane attached with lipids

A

Glycolipids

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6
Q

Provide route for diffusion of water-soluble substance like glucose and electrolytes

A

Channel Proteins

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7
Q

Transport of substance across the cell membrane

A

Carrier Proteins

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8
Q

Serves as receptor sites for hormones and neurotransmitters

A

Receptor proteins

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9
Q

Induce the process of antibody formation

A

Antigen

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10
Q

Control chemical reactions within the cell membrane

A

Enzymes

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11
Q

Substance move from the region of higher concentration to the region of lower concentration, without using ATP

A

Passive Transport/Diffusion/Downhill Movement

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12
Q

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and body tissues

A

Simple Diffusion

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13
Q

Carrier proteins help the transport of substance

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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14
Q

Movement of water/fluid or any other solvent from an area of lower concentration of solute to an area of higher concentration of solute through a semipermeable membrane

A

OSMOSIS

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15
Q

Movement of substance against the chemical or electrical or electrochemical gradient. requires energy which is obtained mainly by breakdown of ATP

A

Active Transport

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16
Q

Bulk movement of substance out of the cell by fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane

A

Exocytosis

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17
Q

Bulk movement of substances into the cell by vesicles forming at the plasma membrane

A

Endocytosis

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18
Q

vesicles are formed as particulate materials external to the cell are engulfed by pseudopodia “Cell eating”

A

Phagocytosis

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19
Q

Vesicle are formed as interstitial fluid is taken by the cell “Cell Drinking”

A

Pinocytosis

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20
Q

form an interconnected network which forms the link between the organelles and cell membrane

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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21
Q

Attachment of the granular ribosome also gives the beaded or granular appearance and concerned with the protein synthesis in the cell

A

Rough ER

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22
Q

processing and delivery of substances like proteins and lipids to different parts of the cell, also known as “Post office, Shipping department” of the cell

A

GOLGI APPARATUS

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23
Q

Removal of excess secretory products by degrading the secretory granules, “Digestive system of the Cell”

A

Lysosomes

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24
Q

In melanocytes, secretory lysosomes secrete:

A

Melanin

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25
Q

In Mast cells, secretory lysosomes secrete ________ which is an inflammatory mediator

A

Serotonin

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26
Q

Degrade the toxic substances line hydrogen peroxide and other metabolic product by means of “Detoxification”, breakdown the excess fatty acids, accelerate gluconeogenesis from fats.

A

Peroxisomes

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27
Q

responsible for the movement of chromosomes during cell division

A

Centrioles

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28
Q

Situated near the center of the cell close to the nucleus

A

Centrosome

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29
Q

“Powerhouse of the Cell” ATP

A

Mitochondria

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30
Q

Involved in protein synthesis, organelles composed of both protein and ribosomal RNA, Protein factories of the cell.

A

RIBOSOMES

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31
Q

Determine the shape and structural strength of the cell, separation of chromosomes.

A

MICROTUBULES

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32
Q

Division of the cytoplasm, give structural strength to the cell.

A

Microfilament

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33
Q

Short, numerous membrane extensions supported by microtubules, found in trachea, bronchioles, primary bronchi, fallopian tube.

A

CILIA

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34
Q

Caused by a defect in the action of cilia, characterized by recurrent upper and lower respiratory tract infections, also called “immotile cilia syndrome”

A

Kartagener Syndrome

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35
Q

Long, singular membrane extension supported by microtubules, present on sperm cells, moves in quasi-sinusoidal waves

A

Flagella/Flagellum

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36
Q

Increase membrane surface area for greater absorption, brush border appearance/characteristics.

A

Microvilli

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37
Q

Most abundant in epidermis of the skin and retina

A

Melanin

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38
Q

Large structure enclosed within a double membrane with openings, houses the DNA that serves as the genetic material for DNA replication and direct protein synthesis

A

Nucleus

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39
Q

Double membrane boundary between cytoplasm and nuclear contents

A

Nuclear envelope

40
Q

“Chromatin” - Made of a double stranded helical structure of DNA and proteins and also called “beads on string appearance” is?

A

Histones

41
Q

Function of histones

A

Guides the coiling of DNA

42
Q

Thread like structure that carry genetic information; contains a single double-stranded DNA molecule

A

Chromosome

43
Q

Cloverleaf structure contains an anticodon triplet of bases to base pair. delivers amino acids to ribosome

A

tRNA

44
Q

Carries the genetic information of DNA and directs protein synthesis

A

mRNA

45
Q

Integral component of ribosomes, site of protein synthesis.

A

rRNA

46
Q

“DNA to RNA” process which DNA serves as template for the assembly of molecules of RNA.

A

Transcription

47
Q

“DNA to DNA” process of completely duplicating DNA within cell

A

Replication

48
Q

Process in making proteins & polypeptide from mRNA

A

Translation

49
Q

Code for amino acids and collectively determine the amino acid sequence of the protein product, represented in final mature of mRNA Molecule

A

Exons

50
Q

Portion of the gene that do not code for amino acids, removed (spliced) from the mRNA molecule before translation

A

Introns

51
Q

“1st growth Phase”
Cellular contents, excluding the chromosomes, are duplicated

A

G1 Phase

52
Q

DNA synthesis

A

S Phase

53
Q

Resting Phase where the cell has left the cycle and stopped dividing

A

G0 phase

54
Q

Division of DNA/Somatic cells to make two daughter cells with copies of original genome— diploid (2n)

A

Mitosis “Karyokinesis”

55
Q

Phases: Chromosome condense, centrioles move to opposite poles.

A

PROPHASE

56
Q

Phases: Spindle fibers align chromosomes along midline to cell to form metaphase plate. “Align at the equator of the cell”

A

Metaphase

57
Q

Phases: Spindle fibers shorten to separate chromatids, pulling them to either end of cell. Chromosome SPLIT going towards opposite poles.

A

Anaphase

58
Q

Formation of a new nuclear membrane containing diploid (2n) chromosomes

A

Telophase

59
Q

Cytoplasm divides into two

A

Cytokinesis

60
Q

any deviation in the number of chromosomes, whether fewer or more, from the normal haploid number of chromosomes.

A

Aneuploidy

61
Q

most common chromosomal disorder

A

Trisomy 21

62
Q

Characterized by an extra copy of chromosome 18. 47, XY, +18
oral findings: Micrognathia

A

Trisomy 18 (Edward’s Syndrome)

63
Q

Characterized by an extra copy of chromosome 13.

A

Patau Syndrome

64
Q

One of the most common causes of male hypogonadism. Characterized by two or more X chromosomes and one or more Y Chromosomes.
Clinical Findings: Atrophic, underdeveloped testes, gynecomastia, tall stature, and a lower IQ, “Bulls Teeth” - Taurodontism

A

Klinefelter Syndrome

65
Q

One of the most important causes amenorrhea. Characterized by having only one X chromosome, with a total of 45 chr. and a karyotype of XO

A

Turners Syndrome

66
Q

Also known as Mandibulofacial Dysostosis, results from abnormal development of derivatives from the 1st and 2nd branchial arches.

A

Treacher Collin Syndrome

67
Q

develops from epithelial cells

A

Carcinoma

68
Q

develops from mesenchymal cells

A

Sarcoma

69
Q

There is a loss of differentiation in these cells

A

Anaplasia

70
Q

Cells and their nuclei can appear in various forms and shapes

A

Pleomorphism

71
Q

Programmed cell death, “Cell suicide”

A

Apoptosis

72
Q

uncontrolled and unprogrammed death of cells due to unexpected and accidental damage. Ex. Injury, infection, inflammation, infarction and cancer.

A

Necrosis

73
Q

Associated commonly with hypoxic or ischemic death of cells

A

Coagulation Necrosis

74
Q

Coagulation necrosis happens in all cell tissues except:

A

BRAIN

75
Q

Characterized by softening and liquefaction of the injured tissue, commonly found in the brain following the cutting off of the blood supply

A

Liquefaction Necrosis

76
Q

accumulation of a cheeselike material. most often encountered in tuberculous infections.

A

Caseous Necrosis

77
Q

Results in the enzymatic breakdown of fat cells and the subsequent formation and deposition of calcium-fatty acid complexes

A

Fatty Necrosis

78
Q

Deposition of calcium salts in dead or degenerating tissues or in scar tissue

A

Dystrophic Calcifications

79
Q

Precipitation of calcium salts within previously undamaged tissues, develops in association with increased level of calcium

A

Metastatic Calcifications

80
Q

Complete absence of an organ or tissue

A

Agenesis

81
Q

“almost” complete failure of development

A

Aplasia

82
Q

Failure of an organ to develop completely

A

Hypoplasia

83
Q

Reduction in the size of organ or tissue as a result of a decrease in either the size or component the cell

A

Atrophy

84
Q

Increase in cell size so that the affected organ or tissue is enlarged without an increase in the number of cells

A

Hypertrophy - Best seen in striated muscle: Cardiac and skeletal

85
Q

Enlargement of tissues or organs as a result of an increase in the number of constituent cells

A

Hyperplasia

86
Q

One type of adult cell is replaced by another adult cell type, Qualitative alterations is the major feature.

A

Metaplasia

87
Q

Regression to more primitive cell types with loss of structural and functional differentiatation of the cells

A

Anaplasia

88
Q

Tumorlike malformation which represents a non-neoplastic developmental condition

A

Hamartoma

89
Q

most common type of cell degeneration

A

Cloudy Swelling

  • Swelling is related to increased concentration of intracellular water and sodium, Opaque, soft consistency.
90
Q

Abnormal accumulation of lipid in parenchymal cells, organs exhibits remarkable enlargement with a soft yellow and greasy cut surface

A

Fatty Degeneration

91
Q

Characterized by intracytoplasmic accumulation of a hyaline substance in injured cells

A

Hyaline Degeneration

92
Q

Abnormal Ig production with extracellular accumulation of immunoglobulin light chains in tissues

A

Amyloid Degeneration

93
Q

Defined as the connection between neighboring cells or the contact between the cell and extracellular matrix

A

Cellular Junctions “Membrane Junction”

94
Q

Attaches cells of the same type, seen between epidermis and between cardiac muscles.

A

Desmosomes / “Spot-weld-like or Macula Adherens”

95
Q

Cell to matrix junction, Attaches cells of different type. Seen between Epidermal cells and basement membrane, Junctional Epi. and Tooth surface.

A

Hemidesmosomes

96
Q
A

DMD (24 decks)

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