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DMD > ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > Flashcards

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Group of ductless Glands, secrete hormones directly into the blood stream and influence widely divergent structures

A

Endocrine System

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2
Q

Chemical messengers that “regulates” various types of reactions in the body. Secreted into blood and binds to target cells.

A

Hormones

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3
Q

biological catalysts the speed up chemical reactions. regulation is controlled by the cell’s DNA

A

ENZYMES

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4
Q

Loop system wherein the system responds to a perturbation in the opposite direction, regulation of hormone synthesis, blood glucose and body temperature regulation are examples.

A

Negative feedback mechanism

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5
Q

Loop system wherein the system responds to a perturbation in the same direction

A

Positive feedback mechanism

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6
Q

responsible for the secretion of melatonin and serotonin. a median unpaired organ inferior to the corpus callosum, under the roof of the 3rd ventricle.

A

PINEAL GLAND “Epiphysis Cerebri”

  • Largest in early childhood, involutes at puberty.
  • Regulates daily rhythms of bodily activities.
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7
Q

Pineal Gland is contained within the

A

PIA MATER

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8
Q

Functions as a neurotransmitter in the CNS and as a hormone in the periphery.
It mediates happiness, satisfaction and optimism.

A

Serotonin
- precursor of melatonin
- Happy hormone
- derived from tryptophan

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9
Q

Inhibits the onset of puberty, inhibitory to hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hormone

A

MELATONIN

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10
Q

Center or a plethora of physiological processes like thermoregulation, osmoregulation and hormonal regulation

A

HYPOTHALAMUS
- supplied by anterior and posterior branches of Circle of Willis and superior hypophyseal artery.

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11
Q

Thermoregulation by sympathetic nervous system, allows heat conservation result to body heating

A

Posterior Nuclei

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12
Q

Involved in thermoregulation by stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system, allows heat loss resulting to body cooling.

A

Anterior nuclei

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13
Q

found in the hypophyseal fossa of the sphenoid bone, protected by the sella turcica.

A

Pituitary Gland

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14
Q

Origin of anterior pituitary gland

A

Rathke’s pouch

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15
Q

development of rathke’s pouch

A

3rd week

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16
Q

Contains endocrine cells. primary source of hormones

A

PARS DISTALIS

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17
Q

May play a role in the synthesis and secretion of melanocyte stimulating hormone

A

Pars Intermedia

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18
Q

also contains endocrine cells but does not contribute so much in hormone release. Surrounds the infundibulum, carries portal veins of the hypophyseal portal system.

A

Pars Tuberalis

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19
Q

Hypersecretion of GH in childhood before the fusion or closure of the epihyseal plates.

A

Gigantism
- may result to diabetes mellitus and visual disturbances due to compression of the optic chiasma

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20
Q

Hypersecretion of GH in adult after the fusion or closure of the epiphyseal plates.

A

Acromegaly

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21
Q

Responsible for milk production and breast development.

A

PROLACTIN

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22
Q

What is the effect of DOPAMINE on your PROLACTIN

A

Dopamine and Prolactin is involved in negative feedback mechanism.

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23
Q

Hypersecretion of ACTH, caused by a tumor or excessive growth of the pituitary gland

A

Cushing’s Disease

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24
Q

hormone that initiates ovulation

A

Leutinizing Hormone

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25
Q

Connects the pars nervosa to the hypothalamus, a stalk that carries the axons of the neurosecretory cells.

A

Infundibulum

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26
Q

Produces contraction of the myoepithelial cells in mammary small ducts responsible for milk ejection from the lactating breast and rhythmic contraction of uterine smooth muscle during labor.

A

OXYTOCIN
- synthesized by the neurosecretory cells of the paraventricular nuclei

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27
Q

Regulates body fluid osmolarity through V2 receptor., synthesized by the neurosecretory cells of the supraoptic nuclei

A

VASOPRESSIN (ADH)

28
Q

a form of Diabetes Insipidus that has a failure of ADH to be secreted

A

Central Dia. Ins.

29
Q

form of Diabetes insipidus that has a Failure of the renal duct cells to respond to ADH

A

Nephrogenic Dia. Ins.

30
Q

“love hormone” is known as

A

Oxytocin

31
Q

Largest endocrine gland, located anterior to the trachea at the level of the cricoid cartilage.

A

Thyroid Gland

32
Q

Enlargement of the thyroid gland, associated with deficient, normal, or excessive hormone production. Related to iodine deficiency and diminished production of thyroid hormone.

A

GOITER

33
Q

Caused by excess secretion of thyroid hormones.

A

Hyperthyroidism

34
Q

Exophthalmic or diffused goiter, autoimmune condition wherein thyroid stimulating antibodies are produces

A

Grave’s Disease
- act like TSH and activate thyroid follicular cells

35
Q

affects children characterized by stunted growth, total failure of the gland development.

Children are dwarfed, with underdeveloped mandible, overdeveloped maxilla, large tongue, delayed tooth eruption and mental retardation.

A

Cretinism

36
Q

Hypothyroidism in adult characterized by generalized edematous appearance.
Retard mentation, physical activities and thickened tongue are common manifestations.

A

MYXEDEMA

37
Q

autoimmune disease in which the thyroid gland is gradually destroyed. Also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis.

A

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
- thyroid may enlarge forming a painless goiter
- TX: levothyroxine

38
Q

a hormone that is involved in regulation of calcium and phosphate, suppresses bone resorption by decreasing calcium and phosphate release

A

CALCITONIN
- high calcium content in plasma, gastrin

39
Q

increases serum calcium, decreases serum phosphate

A

Parathormone

40
Q

Deficiency of PTH secretion caused by autoimmune disease, deficiency of receptors for PTH in target cells, parathyroidectomy

A

HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
-leads to hypocalcemia - tetany

41
Q

Excessive secretion of PTH caused by tumor or hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands. Compensatory hypertrophy in response to hypocalcemia due to other pathological conditions:
Chronic renal failure, Vitamin D Def.

A

HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
- results to hypercalcemia

42
Q

Increase in plasma calcium level of >12mg/dl

A

Hypercalcemia

43
Q

results to neuromuscular hyperexcitability
characterized by painful muscular spasm or involuntary contraction of muscles.

A

TETANY

44
Q

Spasm of the hand that develops 3 mins after arresting blood flow to the lower arm or hand

A

Trosseau’s Sign

45
Q

Twitch of the facial muscles caused by gentle tap over the facial nerve in front of the ear.

A

Chvostek’s Sign

46
Q

Located superior and medial to the upper pole of each kidney

A

ADRENAL GLANDS!
“SupraRenal”

47
Q

Secretory cells are arranged in irregular, ovoid clumps, secretes mineralocorticoids (Mainly aldosterone)

A

Zona Glomerulosa

48
Q

Life-saving hormone, maintains the osmolarity and volume extracellular fluid.

A

Aldosterone

49
Q

Secretory cells are arranged in narrow cords, secretes glucocorticoids (Mainly cortisol)

A

Zona Fasiculata

50
Q

Hypersecretion of Glucocorticoids
round-shouldered or buffa-hump appearance, mooning of the face, generalized obesity of the upper portion, diabetes mellitus. common in female

A

Cushing’s Syndrome

51
Q

Secretory cells are arranged in irregular network as anastomosing cords and clumps. Secretes androgens, converted to testosterone and estrogen in tissues

A

Zona Reticularis

52
Q

hypoadrenocorticism because of adrenal cortex insufficiency

Characterized by extreme weakness, low blood pressure and irregular melanin pigmentation described as “BRONZING”

A

Addison’s Disease

53
Q

Adrenal medulla is derived from

A

Neuroectoderm (neural crest cells)

Adrenal Medulla
- consist of chromaffin cells
- secretes cetecholamines

54
Q

Are modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons that synthesize, store, and secrete catecholamines.

A

Chromaffin Cells

55
Q

Sympathetic effects depending on the receptor it occupies, alpha receptor, beta 1 receptor and beta 2 receptors

A

Epinephrine

56
Q

Tumor arising from the adrenal medulla, secretes a large amount of norepinephrine, causes sustained or paroxysmal hypertension

A

Pheochromocytoma

57
Q

Endocrine tissue (islets of Langerhans) can be found scattered throughout the exocrine pancreas, most numerous in the tail portion

A

Endocrine Pancreas

58
Q

cell type that secretes Glucagon to increase blood glucose

A

Alpha Cells

59
Q

cell type that secretes insulin to decrease blood glucose

A

Beta Cells

60
Q

secretes somatostatin which inhibits the production of beta cells, alpha cells and growth hormone.

A

Delta Cells

61
Q

cells that secrete pancreatic polypeptide (digestive enzyme)

A

F Cells

62
Q

Single polypeptide synthesized as a prohormone from a cell of the islets of Langerhans cell.

A

Glucagon

63
Q

building up of glycogen

A

glycogenesis

64
Q

peptide consisting of two chains: alpha and beta chains.
regulates carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism and blood sugar level.

A

Insulin

65
Q

Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
Due to insulin deficiency

A

TYPE 1 DM “JUVENILE” TYPE

66
Q

Non-insulin dependent DM
due to absence or deficiency in insulin receptors. “Mature onset”
caused by hereditary disorders, other endocrine disorders.

A

TYPE II DM

67
Q
A

DMD (24 decks)

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