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DMD > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Basic structural and functional component of the nervous system.

A

Neurons

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2
Q

Neuronal processes that conduct electrical signals toward the cell body from other cells.

A

Dendrites

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3
Q

Neuronal processes that conduct electrical signals away from the cell body towards other cells.

A

Axons

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4
Q

Stellate structure with numerous processes that form structural support between capillaries and CNS neurons

A

Astrocytes

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5
Q

guides the development of CNS neurons

A

Oligodendrocytes

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6
Q

Only neuroglial cell derived from the mesoderm, minute cells with few short processes that phagocytize pathogens and cellular debris within CNS

A

Microglia

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7
Q

Control center that receives and formulates sensory input from the peripheral nervous system, includes the brain and spinal cord.

A

Central Nervous System

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8
Q

area that contains neuronal cell bodies, serves to process information.

A

Gray Matter

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9
Q

area that Contains neuronal cell process, serves to transmit information

A

White matter

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10
Q

the gray matter of both the brain and spinal cord is called?

A

Substantia grisea

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11
Q

Demyelinating disease that primarily affects myelin, most common demyelinating disease.

A

Multiple sclerosis

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12
Q

Areas of demyelination are known as

A

Plaques

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13
Q

Outermost fused double-layer, consist of dense, strong fibrous sheet surrounding the brain.

A

Dura Mater

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14
Q

Separates cerebral hemispheres, contains inferior and superior sagittal sinuses

A

Falx Cerebri

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15
Q

Separates cerebellar hemispheres (lateral lobes of cerebellum)
contains the occipital sinus

A

Falx cerebelli

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16
Q

separates cerebrum and cerebellum, contains the straight, transverse and superior petrosal sinuses

A

Tentorium Cerebelli

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17
Q

surrounds the spinal cord

A

dural sheath

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18
Q

innermost vascular membrane of loose connective tissue, closely covers the brain and spinal cord.

A

Pia Mater

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19
Q

Clear, colorless fluid formed mainly by the choroid plexuses in the later, third and fourth ventricles of the brain.

A

CSF

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20
Q

it regulates intraventricular pressure by secretion and absorption of CSF

A

Choroid Plexuses

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21
Q

Cortex, primarily of nerve cell bodies of unmyelinated fibers

A

Gray Matter

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22
Q

Medulla, inner part composed of myelinated nerve fibers (axons)

A

White matter

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23
Q

Chambers or hollow spaced from the neural tube, contains the cerebrospinal fluid

A

Ventricles

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24
Q

Largest part of the brain, controls conscious activities, origin of CN I, II.

A

Telencephalon “Cerebrum”

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25
Q

extensive outer layer of gray matter of each cerebral hemispheres, responsible for higher brain functions.

A

Cerebral Cortex
(sensation, thought, reasoning, memory and voluntary muscle movement)

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26
Q

what type of cells is seen in cerebral cortex

A

Purkinje Cells

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27
Q

characterized by degeneration of neurons in the cerebral cortex, most common cause of dementia in older adults. Includes amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

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28
Q

subdivide the cerebral cortex into lobes

A

Sulci (fissures)

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29
Q

Divides the frontal and parietal lobes

A

Central Sulcus

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30
Q

Divides the frontal and parietal from the temporal lobes

A

Lateral Sulcus

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31
Q

Divides the parietal and occipital lobes

A

Parieto-occipital sulcus

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32
Q

the primary motor area, controls voluntary skeletal muscle contractions, highly skilled, discrete motor activity of the hand.

A

Precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe

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33
Q

Involved in speech function/articulation

A

Broca’s area

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34
Q

formation of new memories about past experiences, memory of facts and episodic memory

A

Hippocampus

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35
Q

Emotional center of the brain

A

Amygdala

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36
Q

Primary visual area

A

Occipital lobe

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37
Q

Have a dark appearance due to the neuromelanin present in the cells, composed of motor nuclei in the mesencephalon and produces dopamine.

A

Substantia Nigra

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38
Q

damage to the basal ganglia, slow progressive degenerated disease associated with destruction of dopamine producing cells in the brain

A

Parkinson’s Disease

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39
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

-70mv

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40
Q

antidote for benzodiazepine

A

Flumazenil

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41
Q

the actual forebrain, wedge-shaped area between cerebral hemispheres, contains the thalamus. origin of CN III, IV

A

Diencephalon

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42
Q

Sensory relay station or “Way-station” of the brain.

A

Thalamus

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43
Q

responsible for regulation and coordination of complex voluntary muscular movement, and maintenance of posture and balance. Assist in leaning new skill.

A

Cerebellum

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44
Q

Relays signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum, houses the control centers for respiration and inhibitory functions.

A

Pons

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45
Q

known as the autonomic reflex center; responsible for control of respiration, circulation, cardiovascular and digestive functions, maintains homeostasis.

A

Medulla Oblongata / myelencephalon.

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46
Q

has a centrally located gray matter and peripherally located white matter, cylindrical structure, occupies the upper 2/3 of the vertebral canal enveloped by the meninges

A

Spinal Cord

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47
Q

“H” shaped, centrally located area consisting of nerve cell bodies & unmyelinated nerve fibers.

A

Gray matter

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48
Q

Surrounds the gray matter, composed of primarily myelinated axons. Consists of spinal cord tracts.

A

White matter

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49
Q

Tracts responsible for process sensations of temperature, pain and light touch.

A

Spinothalamic Tracts

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50
Q

Cathecolamines are

A

Norepinephrine, Epinephrine and dopamine.

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51
Q

Norepinephrine, Epinephrine and dopamine are called?

A

Cathecolamines

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52
Q

outer layer of the meninges

A

Dura mater

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53
Q

Inner layer of the meninges

A

Pia mater

54
Q

ependymal cells constitute the tissue that lines ______

A

Ventricles of the brain

55
Q

the vertebral artery on its way to the brain passes through the

A. Foramen Magnum.
B. Foramen Lacerum
C. Jugular Foramen
D. Foramen Spinosum
E. None of the above

A

A. Foramen Magnum

56
Q

the major connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres is the

A. Cingulum
B. Corpus Callosum
C. Internal Capsule
D. Superior occipital bundle
E. NOTA

A

B. Corpus callosum

57
Q

Saltatory conduction refers to

A. Conduction in myelinated nerve fibers
B. Effect of salt on excitation of excitable tissues
C. Conduction of synapses in the central nervous system
D. decrease in action potential produced by potassium

A

A.

58
Q

what part of the nervous system contains the cardiac, vomiting and vasomotor centers?

A

Medulla

Thalamus - Sensory relay and integrative center
Cerebral Cortex - Motor Function

59
Q

the center of the brain regulating body temperature is

A

Hypothalamus

Pons - Respiratory center
Medulla – respiratory center
Thalamus - relay

60
Q

a berry aneurysm is most commonly caused by

A. Trauma
B. Syphillis
C. Arteriosclerosis
D. Congenital anomaly
E. NOTA

A

D.

Berry aneurysm - dilation of blood vessels found in circle of willis

61
Q

which of the following barbiturates, in therapeutic doses, is the longest acting

A. Pentothal Sodium
B. Phenobarbital
C. Secobarbital
D. Pentobarbital
E. Amobarbital

A

B. Phenobarbital

A - Ultrashort
C & D - Short
E Intermediate

62
Q

Syncope is a

a. a form of neurogenic shock
b. always associated with a loss of consciousness
c. recognized early by an increase in blood pressure
d. usually treated early with injectable drugs
e. NOTA

A

A.

63
Q

which is not a general anesthetic

a. Benzylalcohol
b. cyclopropane
c. ethylene
d. vinyl ether
e. trichloroethylene

A

A.

64
Q

if a narcotic agent where chosen for intravenous sedation, which of the following drugs should be available as the antagonist of choice?

a. Naloxone
b. Doxapram
c. Pentazocine
d. Fentanyl
e. Diphenhydramine

A

Naloxone

65
Q

an irreversible side effect resulting from long term administration of phenothiazine antipsychotics

A

Tardive Dyskinesia

66
Q

Excitement and delirium are commonly present in stage of ether anesthesia

A. I
B. II
C. III, plane 1
D. III, plane 3
E. IV

A

B.

I - Inducion, sedation, analgesia
III - Surgical analgesia
IV - Medullary depression, coma.

67
Q

drugs that when administered intravenously is least likely to produce respiratory depression

A

Diazepam

68
Q

a patient with grand mal epilepsy would likely be under treatment with

A

Phenytoin

69
Q

Phenothiazines are used to

A. Produce muscle relaxation
B. Alter psychotic behavior
C. Suppress coughing
D. Produce analgesis
E. Produce hypnosis

A

B.

70
Q

the principal central action of caffeine is on the

a. Cerebral cortex
b. corpus callosum
c. hypothalamus
d. spinal cord
e. medulla

A

A.

71
Q

in general anesthesia, the last part of the CNS to be depressed is the

A

Medulla

72
Q

visual processing center of the human brain

A

Occipital Lobe

73
Q

neuron cell bodies are located in

A. White matter of the spinal cord
B. Meninges
C. Gray matter of the spinal cord

A

C.

74
Q

Which space is entered when a spinal tap is performed?

A

Subarachnoid space

75
Q

the third ventricle of the brain communicates with the fourth ventricle by the

A

Cerebral Aqueduct

76
Q

which type of neuroglial cells from myelin in the CNS?

A. Astrocytes
B. Oligodendrocytes
C. Microglia
D. Ependymal Cells

A

B.

PNS - Schwann cells

77
Q

which of the following structures is a ring-shaped fold that allows the passage of the infundibulum to the pituitary gland?

A. Tentorium Cerebelli
B. Falx cerebri
C. Falx cerebelli
D. Diaphragm Sellae

A

D

78
Q

Which meninges forms the falx cerebri and the falx cerebelli

a. dura mater
b. subarachnoid mater
c. pia mater

A

A

79
Q

structural component of a neuron sends impulses away from the cell body?

A

Axon

80
Q

system that Contains ganglia, and sensory receptors

A

Peripheral Nervous System

81
Q

Small, flattened cells that support the ganglia of the PNS, surround the cells bodies in ganglia, regulate oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrient and neurotransmitter levels

A

Satellite cells

82
Q

forms myelin sheath around the axons in PNS, participate in the repair process after injury. flattened cells arranged in series around axons or dendrites.

A

Schwann Cells

83
Q

CNS Cells; maintain blood brain barrier; provides structural support, regulate ion, nutrient, and dissolved gas concentrations.

A

Astrocytes

84
Q

CNS cells; line ventricles and central canal, and monitoring CSF

A

Ependymal Cells

85
Q

myelinate CNS axons, provide structural framework.

A

Oligodendrocytes

86
Q

Removes cell debris, and pathogens by phagocytes

A

Microglia

87
Q

Point of junction between two Schwann cells

A

Node of Ranvier

88
Q

mode of impulse transmission around the points of node of nodes of ranvier

A

Saltatory Conduction

89
Q

the only sympathetic cholinergic effector organ

A

Sweat glands

90
Q

innervates organs that function under involuntary control

A

Autonomic NS

91
Q

Formed by the union of 2 roots (anterior and posterior) at the intervertebral foramen

A

Spinal Nerve

92
Q

it contains axon of sensory neurons, cell bodies are outside the spinal cord in a swelling on the _____ root

A

Posterior

93
Q

positioned deep on the side of the neck, lateral to the first 4 cervical vertebrae. sends out numerous cutaneous, muscular and communication branches to the neck, shoulder, and chest.

A

Cervical Plexus (C1-C4)

94
Q

Formed in the posterior triangle of the neck, extends into the axilla, supplying nerves to the upper limbs.

A

Brachial Plexus

95
Q

formed in the psoas muscle, supplies lower abdomen and parts of lower limbs. Main branches: femoral and obturator nerves.

A

Lumbar Plexus

96
Q

Largest nerve in the body

A

Sciatic nerve

97
Q

plexus that lies in the posterior pelvic wall in front of the piriformis muscle, supplies the lower back, pelvis, parts of the tight, leg, and foot.
Main branches are sciatic, gluteal, and pelvic splanchnic nerves.

A

Sacral Plexus

98
Q

Shortest Cranial nerve, provides sensory innervation for smell.

A

CN 1 - Olfactory nerve

99
Q

Olfactory nerve exits to

A

Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone.

100
Q

innervates the retina, arises from the axons of ganglion cells of the retina that converge at the optic disk.

A

Optic nerve CN II

101
Q

the nerve fibers that arise from the medial (nasal) half of each retina cross the midline and enter the optic tract of the opposite side.

A

Optic Chiasm

102
Q

Optic nerve exits to

A

Optic canal of the sphenoid bone

103
Q

nerve that Provides motor fibers to most extra-ocular muscles except lateral rectus and superior oblique.

A

Oculomotor nerve CN III

104
Q

Oculomotor nerve exits the skull through

A

Sup. Orbital Fissure

105
Q

Smallest cranial nerve but longest course, supplies motor function to superior oblique muscle of the eye.

A

Trochlear nerve

106
Q

Only cranial nerve that emerges from dorsal aspect of the brainstem

A

Trochlear Nerve CN IV
- exits the skull through Superior Orb. Fiss.

107
Q

supplies motor function of lateral muscle, origin is from the pons. passes through the cavernous sinus.

A

Abducens Nerve CN VI

108
Q

Largest cranial nerve, the principal general sensory nerve of the head.
originate on the inferior surface of pons.

A

Trigeminal Nerve CN V

109
Q

Ophthalmic nerve exits through the

A

Superior orbital fissure

110
Q

Provides sensory innervation to the tip of the nose, skin of face above the eye, eyeball.

A

Ophthalmic Division V1 of Trigeminal Nerve

111
Q

provides sensory innervation to the midface: BELOW THE EYE, BUT ABOVE THE UPPER LIP, nasal cavity, palate, paranasal sinuses, and maxillary teeth, skin of cheek and upper lip.

A

Maxillary division V2 of trigeminal nerve

112
Q

V2 of CN V exits the skull through the

A

FORAMEN ROTUNDUM of the sphenoid bone

113
Q

V3 of CN V exits the skull through the

A

FORAMEN OVALE of the sphenoid bone

114
Q

Supplies MOTOR innervation to tensor veli palatini, tensor tympani, MOM, and anterior belly of digastric and mylohyoid muscles.

Provides SENSORY innervation to skin of the cheek, skin of mandible, lower lip, and side of the head, TMJ, mandibular teeth, mucous membranes of cheek, floor of the mouth and anterior part of the tongue

A

Mandibular Nerve (V3) of CN V

115
Q

Facial nerve (CN VII) contains sensory neurons that originates in the pons, exits the skull through

A

Stylomastoid foramen

116
Q

a parasympathetic secretory branch of facial nerve, sends preganglionic parasympathethic fibers to the lacrimal glands, nose, oral cavity and uppermost part of the pharynx

A

GREATER PETROSAL NERVE

117
Q

GREATER PETROSAL NERVE PASSES THROUGH THE FORAMEN ___

A

Lacerum

118
Q

Facial nerve paralysis due to injury to the lower motor neuron, lpsilateral flaccid paralysis of all facial musculature

A

Bell’s Palsy

119
Q

Provides sensory function to the ear for equilibrium and hearing

A

CN VIII Vestibulocochlear Nerve

120
Q

CN VIII exits the skull through the

A

Internal Auditory Meatus

121
Q

CN IX mixed nerve, exits the skull through the

A

Jugular Foramen

122
Q

CN responsible for contraction of pharynx muscles used in SWALLOWING (Stylopharyngeus), responsible for saliva secretion from the parotid gland, supplies sensory innervation from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, innervates carotis sinus & carotid body to help regulate blood pressure and respiration.

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX

123
Q

Parasympathetic secretory branch of CN IX that contains secretomotor fibers for the parotid gland, supply preganglionic parasympathetic secretomotor fibers to OTIC ganglion, origin is the tympanic nerve.

A

LESSER PETROSAL NERVE

124
Q

only CN NOT RESTRICTED TO THE HEAD AND NECK REGIONS, DOMINANT NERVE TO THE HEART. Passes through the jugular foramen.

A

VAGUS NERVE

125
Q

Vagus nerve originates in the

A

MEDULLA OBLONGATA

126
Q

Has the MOST EXTENSIVE DISTRIBUTION OF ALL THE CRANIAL NERVES.

A

VAGUS NERVE

127
Q

mediates TASTE & GENERAL SENSATION FROM THE ROOT OF THE TONGUE, supplies the pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, heart and GI tract. contains sensory fibers associated with reflexes , it does not contain pain fibers.

A

VAGUS NERVE

128
Q

Supply motor function & innervation to the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles, exits the skull through the jugular foramen

A

Accessory Nerve CN XI

129
Q

HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE (XII) supplies motor function to all intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles EXCEPT

A

Palatoglossus

130
Q

CN XII exits the skull through the

A

Hypoglossal Canal medial to the carotid canal and jugular foramen.

131
Q

Palatoglossus is innervated by

A

Pharyngeal nerve of the Vagus nerve

132
Q
A

DMD (23 decks)

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