Nervous System Flashcards
Basic structural and functional component of the nervous system.
Neurons
Neuronal processes that conduct electrical signals toward the cell body from other cells.
Dendrites
Neuronal processes that conduct electrical signals away from the cell body towards other cells.
Axons
Stellate structure with numerous processes that form structural support between capillaries and CNS neurons
Astrocytes
guides the development of CNS neurons
Oligodendrocytes
Only neuroglial cell derived from the mesoderm, minute cells with few short processes that phagocytize pathogens and cellular debris within CNS
Microglia
Control center that receives and formulates sensory input from the peripheral nervous system, includes the brain and spinal cord.
Central Nervous System
area that contains neuronal cell bodies, serves to process information.
Gray Matter
area that Contains neuronal cell process, serves to transmit information
White matter
the gray matter of both the brain and spinal cord is called?
Substantia grisea
Demyelinating disease that primarily affects myelin, most common demyelinating disease.
Multiple sclerosis
Areas of demyelination are known as
Plaques
Outermost fused double-layer, consist of dense, strong fibrous sheet surrounding the brain.
Dura Mater
Separates cerebral hemispheres, contains inferior and superior sagittal sinuses
Falx Cerebri
Separates cerebellar hemispheres (lateral lobes of cerebellum)
contains the occipital sinus
Falx cerebelli
separates cerebrum and cerebellum, contains the straight, transverse and superior petrosal sinuses
Tentorium Cerebelli
surrounds the spinal cord
dural sheath
innermost vascular membrane of loose connective tissue, closely covers the brain and spinal cord.
Pia Mater
Clear, colorless fluid formed mainly by the choroid plexuses in the later, third and fourth ventricles of the brain.
CSF
it regulates intraventricular pressure by secretion and absorption of CSF
Choroid Plexuses
Cortex, primarily of nerve cell bodies of unmyelinated fibers
Gray Matter
Medulla, inner part composed of myelinated nerve fibers (axons)
White matter
Chambers or hollow spaced from the neural tube, contains the cerebrospinal fluid
Ventricles
Largest part of the brain, controls conscious activities, origin of CN I, II.
Telencephalon “Cerebrum”
extensive outer layer of gray matter of each cerebral hemispheres, responsible for higher brain functions.
Cerebral Cortex
(sensation, thought, reasoning, memory and voluntary muscle movement)
what type of cells is seen in cerebral cortex
Purkinje Cells
characterized by degeneration of neurons in the cerebral cortex, most common cause of dementia in older adults. Includes amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.
Alzheimer’s Disease
subdivide the cerebral cortex into lobes
Sulci (fissures)
Divides the frontal and parietal lobes
Central Sulcus
Divides the frontal and parietal from the temporal lobes
Lateral Sulcus
Divides the parietal and occipital lobes
Parieto-occipital sulcus
the primary motor area, controls voluntary skeletal muscle contractions, highly skilled, discrete motor activity of the hand.
Precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
Involved in speech function/articulation
Broca’s area
formation of new memories about past experiences, memory of facts and episodic memory
Hippocampus
Emotional center of the brain
Amygdala
Primary visual area
Occipital lobe
Have a dark appearance due to the neuromelanin present in the cells, composed of motor nuclei in the mesencephalon and produces dopamine.
Substantia Nigra
damage to the basal ganglia, slow progressive degenerated disease associated with destruction of dopamine producing cells in the brain
Parkinson’s Disease
Resting membrane potential
-70mv
antidote for benzodiazepine
Flumazenil
the actual forebrain, wedge-shaped area between cerebral hemispheres, contains the thalamus. origin of CN III, IV
Diencephalon
Sensory relay station or “Way-station” of the brain.
Thalamus
responsible for regulation and coordination of complex voluntary muscular movement, and maintenance of posture and balance. Assist in leaning new skill.
Cerebellum
Relays signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum, houses the control centers for respiration and inhibitory functions.
Pons
known as the autonomic reflex center; responsible for control of respiration, circulation, cardiovascular and digestive functions, maintains homeostasis.
Medulla Oblongata / myelencephalon.
has a centrally located gray matter and peripherally located white matter, cylindrical structure, occupies the upper 2/3 of the vertebral canal enveloped by the meninges
Spinal Cord
“H” shaped, centrally located area consisting of nerve cell bodies & unmyelinated nerve fibers.
Gray matter
Surrounds the gray matter, composed of primarily myelinated axons. Consists of spinal cord tracts.
White matter
Tracts responsible for process sensations of temperature, pain and light touch.
Spinothalamic Tracts
Cathecolamines are
Norepinephrine, Epinephrine and dopamine.
Norepinephrine, Epinephrine and dopamine are called?
Cathecolamines
outer layer of the meninges
Dura mater
Inner layer of the meninges
Pia mater
ependymal cells constitute the tissue that lines ______
Ventricles of the brain
the vertebral artery on its way to the brain passes through the
A. Foramen Magnum.
B. Foramen Lacerum
C. Jugular Foramen
D. Foramen Spinosum
E. None of the above
A. Foramen Magnum
the major connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres is the
A. Cingulum
B. Corpus Callosum
C. Internal Capsule
D. Superior occipital bundle
E. NOTA
B. Corpus callosum
Saltatory conduction refers to
A. Conduction in myelinated nerve fibers
B. Effect of salt on excitation of excitable tissues
C. Conduction of synapses in the central nervous system
D. decrease in action potential produced by potassium
A.
what part of the nervous system contains the cardiac, vomiting and vasomotor centers?
Medulla
Thalamus - Sensory relay and integrative center
Cerebral Cortex - Motor Function
the center of the brain regulating body temperature is
Hypothalamus
Pons - Respiratory center
Medulla – respiratory center
Thalamus - relay
a berry aneurysm is most commonly caused by
A. Trauma
B. Syphillis
C. Arteriosclerosis
D. Congenital anomaly
E. NOTA
D.
Berry aneurysm - dilation of blood vessels found in circle of willis
which of the following barbiturates, in therapeutic doses, is the longest acting
A. Pentothal Sodium
B. Phenobarbital
C. Secobarbital
D. Pentobarbital
E. Amobarbital
B. Phenobarbital
A - Ultrashort
C & D - Short
E Intermediate
Syncope is a
a. a form of neurogenic shock
b. always associated with a loss of consciousness
c. recognized early by an increase in blood pressure
d. usually treated early with injectable drugs
e. NOTA
A.
which is not a general anesthetic
a. Benzylalcohol
b. cyclopropane
c. ethylene
d. vinyl ether
e. trichloroethylene
A.
if a narcotic agent where chosen for intravenous sedation, which of the following drugs should be available as the antagonist of choice?
a. Naloxone
b. Doxapram
c. Pentazocine
d. Fentanyl
e. Diphenhydramine
Naloxone
an irreversible side effect resulting from long term administration of phenothiazine antipsychotics
Tardive Dyskinesia
Excitement and delirium are commonly present in stage of ether anesthesia
A. I
B. II
C. III, plane 1
D. III, plane 3
E. IV
B.
I - Inducion, sedation, analgesia
III - Surgical analgesia
IV - Medullary depression, coma.
drugs that when administered intravenously is least likely to produce respiratory depression
Diazepam
a patient with grand mal epilepsy would likely be under treatment with
Phenytoin
Phenothiazines are used to
A. Produce muscle relaxation
B. Alter psychotic behavior
C. Suppress coughing
D. Produce analgesis
E. Produce hypnosis
B.
the principal central action of caffeine is on the
a. Cerebral cortex
b. corpus callosum
c. hypothalamus
d. spinal cord
e. medulla
A.
in general anesthesia, the last part of the CNS to be depressed is the
Medulla
visual processing center of the human brain
Occipital Lobe
neuron cell bodies are located in
A. White matter of the spinal cord
B. Meninges
C. Gray matter of the spinal cord
C.
Which space is entered when a spinal tap is performed?
Subarachnoid space
the third ventricle of the brain communicates with the fourth ventricle by the
Cerebral Aqueduct
which type of neuroglial cells from myelin in the CNS?
A. Astrocytes
B. Oligodendrocytes
C. Microglia
D. Ependymal Cells
B.
PNS - Schwann cells
which of the following structures is a ring-shaped fold that allows the passage of the infundibulum to the pituitary gland?
A. Tentorium Cerebelli
B. Falx cerebri
C. Falx cerebelli
D. Diaphragm Sellae
D
Which meninges forms the falx cerebri and the falx cerebelli
a. dura mater
b. subarachnoid mater
c. pia mater
A
structural component of a neuron sends impulses away from the cell body?
Axon
system that Contains ganglia, and sensory receptors
Peripheral Nervous System
Small, flattened cells that support the ganglia of the PNS, surround the cells bodies in ganglia, regulate oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrient and neurotransmitter levels
Satellite cells
forms myelin sheath around the axons in PNS, participate in the repair process after injury. flattened cells arranged in series around axons or dendrites.
Schwann Cells
CNS Cells; maintain blood brain barrier; provides structural support, regulate ion, nutrient, and dissolved gas concentrations.
Astrocytes
CNS cells; line ventricles and central canal, and monitoring CSF
Ependymal Cells
myelinate CNS axons, provide structural framework.
Oligodendrocytes
Removes cell debris, and pathogens by phagocytes
Microglia
Point of junction between two Schwann cells
Node of Ranvier
mode of impulse transmission around the points of node of nodes of ranvier
Saltatory Conduction
the only sympathetic cholinergic effector organ
Sweat glands
innervates organs that function under involuntary control
Autonomic NS
Formed by the union of 2 roots (anterior and posterior) at the intervertebral foramen
Spinal Nerve
it contains axon of sensory neurons, cell bodies are outside the spinal cord in a swelling on the _____ root
Posterior
positioned deep on the side of the neck, lateral to the first 4 cervical vertebrae. sends out numerous cutaneous, muscular and communication branches to the neck, shoulder, and chest.
Cervical Plexus (C1-C4)
Formed in the posterior triangle of the neck, extends into the axilla, supplying nerves to the upper limbs.
Brachial Plexus
formed in the psoas muscle, supplies lower abdomen and parts of lower limbs. Main branches: femoral and obturator nerves.
Lumbar Plexus
Largest nerve in the body
Sciatic nerve
plexus that lies in the posterior pelvic wall in front of the piriformis muscle, supplies the lower back, pelvis, parts of the tight, leg, and foot.
Main branches are sciatic, gluteal, and pelvic splanchnic nerves.
Sacral Plexus
Shortest Cranial nerve, provides sensory innervation for smell.
CN 1 - Olfactory nerve
Olfactory nerve exits to
Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone.
innervates the retina, arises from the axons of ganglion cells of the retina that converge at the optic disk.
Optic nerve CN II
the nerve fibers that arise from the medial (nasal) half of each retina cross the midline and enter the optic tract of the opposite side.
Optic Chiasm
Optic nerve exits to
Optic canal of the sphenoid bone
nerve that Provides motor fibers to most extra-ocular muscles except lateral rectus and superior oblique.
Oculomotor nerve CN III
Oculomotor nerve exits the skull through
Sup. Orbital Fissure
Smallest cranial nerve but longest course, supplies motor function to superior oblique muscle of the eye.
Trochlear nerve
Only cranial nerve that emerges from dorsal aspect of the brainstem
Trochlear Nerve CN IV
- exits the skull through Superior Orb. Fiss.
supplies motor function of lateral muscle, origin is from the pons. passes through the cavernous sinus.
Abducens Nerve CN VI
Largest cranial nerve, the principal general sensory nerve of the head.
originate on the inferior surface of pons.
Trigeminal Nerve CN V
Ophthalmic nerve exits through the
Superior orbital fissure
Provides sensory innervation to the tip of the nose, skin of face above the eye, eyeball.
Ophthalmic Division V1 of Trigeminal Nerve
provides sensory innervation to the midface: BELOW THE EYE, BUT ABOVE THE UPPER LIP, nasal cavity, palate, paranasal sinuses, and maxillary teeth, skin of cheek and upper lip.
Maxillary division V2 of trigeminal nerve
V2 of CN V exits the skull through the
FORAMEN ROTUNDUM of the sphenoid bone
V3 of CN V exits the skull through the
FORAMEN OVALE of the sphenoid bone
Supplies MOTOR innervation to tensor veli palatini, tensor tympani, MOM, and anterior belly of digastric and mylohyoid muscles.
Provides SENSORY innervation to skin of the cheek, skin of mandible, lower lip, and side of the head, TMJ, mandibular teeth, mucous membranes of cheek, floor of the mouth and anterior part of the tongue
Mandibular Nerve (V3) of CN V
Facial nerve (CN VII) contains sensory neurons that originates in the pons, exits the skull through
Stylomastoid foramen
a parasympathetic secretory branch of facial nerve, sends preganglionic parasympathethic fibers to the lacrimal glands, nose, oral cavity and uppermost part of the pharynx
GREATER PETROSAL NERVE
GREATER PETROSAL NERVE PASSES THROUGH THE FORAMEN ___
Lacerum
Facial nerve paralysis due to injury to the lower motor neuron, lpsilateral flaccid paralysis of all facial musculature
Bell’s Palsy
Provides sensory function to the ear for equilibrium and hearing
CN VIII Vestibulocochlear Nerve
CN VIII exits the skull through the
Internal Auditory Meatus
CN IX mixed nerve, exits the skull through the
Jugular Foramen
CN responsible for contraction of pharynx muscles used in SWALLOWING (Stylopharyngeus), responsible for saliva secretion from the parotid gland, supplies sensory innervation from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, innervates carotis sinus & carotid body to help regulate blood pressure and respiration.
Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX
Parasympathetic secretory branch of CN IX that contains secretomotor fibers for the parotid gland, supply preganglionic parasympathetic secretomotor fibers to OTIC ganglion, origin is the tympanic nerve.
LESSER PETROSAL NERVE
only CN NOT RESTRICTED TO THE HEAD AND NECK REGIONS, DOMINANT NERVE TO THE HEART. Passes through the jugular foramen.
VAGUS NERVE
Vagus nerve originates in the
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
Has the MOST EXTENSIVE DISTRIBUTION OF ALL THE CRANIAL NERVES.
VAGUS NERVE
mediates TASTE & GENERAL SENSATION FROM THE ROOT OF THE TONGUE, supplies the pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, heart and GI tract. contains sensory fibers associated with reflexes , it does not contain pain fibers.
VAGUS NERVE
Supply motor function & innervation to the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles, exits the skull through the jugular foramen
Accessory Nerve CN XI
HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE (XII) supplies motor function to all intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles EXCEPT
Palatoglossus
CN XII exits the skull through the
Hypoglossal Canal medial to the carotid canal and jugular foramen.
Palatoglossus is innervated by
Pharyngeal nerve of the Vagus nerve
