Microbiology Flashcards
Prokaryotic Cell is?
Bacteria
Major Characteristic of Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cell
Prokaryotic has No Membrane
Eukaryotic has True Nucleus
Determines the Degree of Pathogenecity, protection of microorganisms against phagocytosis
GLYCOCALYX
Prokaryotic means of cell division/reproduction
Binary Fission
Eukaryotic cell division
Mitosis
Meiosis happens only in?
Sex Cell/Gametes
Prokaryotic Cell ribosome component
70s (50s, 30s)
Protein synthesis/factories of the cell
Ribosome/Polyribosome
Antibiotic that attacks 30s unit
Tetracycline (Trentacycline)
Aminoglycoside (Trentaminoglycoside)
Tetracycline is contraindicated in Pregnant patient for
6 months and until 9 yrs of age
Tetracycline affects the developmental stage of tooth in
Appositional Stage:
dentinogenesis and amelogenesis
Tetracycline is used for
Localized Aggressive Periodontitis
- High concentration in plasma, GCF.
Anti-TB drug that causes Ototoxicity, sense of hearing, CN VIII.
Streptomycin (Major group of Aminoglycoside)
- AminoOTO, AminoNEPHRO
Antibiotic that attacks 50s
Lincosamide: Clindamycin (300mg or 600mg)
Macrolides: Erythromycin
Others: CHLORAMPHENICOL
Chloramphenicol is DOC for
Typhoid Fever
Bone Marrow Suppression
Aplastic Anemia
Gray Baby Syndrome
- is an adverse effect of?
Ano ang BAG mo?
CHLORAMPHENICOL
Function of bone marrow?
Hematopoiesis “Blood cell formation”
Low blood cells
Pancytopenia
Function of FIMBRIAE
Attachment
-Adherence for Colonization
Function of PILI
DNA Transfer
1-2 pili per cell
Function of Flagella
Locomotion/Movement
Microorganism has no flagella is called
Atrichous
MO has one Flagella
Monotrichous
MO has one flagella with each pole
Amphitrichous
MO has multiple flagella in 1 pole
Lopotrichous
MO has multiple flagella in each pole
Amphilopotrichous
MO has flagella in entire periphery/surrounding/around the organism
Peritrichous
if the movement of microorganism is clockwise the movement of endoflagella is?
Counterclockwise
-The movement of endoflagella is opposite to the movement of your microorganism
What is the movement of flagella in Eukaryotic cell
WAVELIKE movement
What is the movement of flagella in Prokaryotic cell
ROTATION
The Rotation of Flagella is Powered by:
Proton Current
Flagella is Governed by:
Chemotactic Response
Microorganisms that has Glycocalyx/Capsule
Streptococcus Pneumoniae
Hemophilus Influenzae
Neisseria specie (Gonorrhea)
Thick Cell wall, lipoteichoic acid
GRAM POSITIVE
Thin cell wall, outer membrane: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Gram Negative
eNdotoxin can be found in what microorganism?
gram Negative only
Exotoxin can be found in?
Both positive and gram negative microorganism
Semipermeable phospholipid bilayer
Plasma/Cell Membrane
Capable of mutation;self replication, extrachromosomal genetic element
Plasmid
ATP Production
Powerhouse of the cell/Mitochondria
Bacterial Mitochondria
Mesosome
Microorganism that causes Syphillis
Treponema Pallidum
-Spirochete
No increase in number of living bacterial cells but increase in cell size
Lag Phase
Exponential increase in number of living bacterial cells
Log Phase
Phase where Target of Medications/Antibiotics
Log Phase
Plateau in number of living bacterial cells, Spore formation, rate of cell division and death roughly equal
Stationary Phase
Microorganism with SPORES
Bacillus
Clostridium
Fungi
Exponential decrease in number of living bacterial cells
Death or Exponential Phase
Most common type of microorganisms physical requirements temperature
Mesophiles (25-40’c)
pH, most bacteria grow best in
6.5 - 7.5
Normal Blood pH
7.35 - 7.45
Microorganisms Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Clostridium is known for
Obligate Anaerobes
carbon requirements came from inorganic materials is
Autotroph
carbon requirements came from complex organic substances
Heterotroph
Energy source came from LIGHT
Photoautotrophs
Energy source came from CHEMICAL REACTION
Chemoautotrophs
Microorganisms Chlamydia, Rickettsia, VIRUS is known as
Obligate Intracellular
-cannot survive outside host cells
Primary Stain/Agent
Crystal Violet
Counterstain/Secondary Agent
Safranin
Decolorizing Agent
Alcohol/Acetone
Mordant
Iodine
Treponema Pallidum is the microorganism that causes
SYPHILLIS
Sexually transmitted infection/disease
Syphillis
Most invasive treponema
Pallidum
Least invasive treponema
Carateum
1st stage adult syphillis, Painless ulcer
Chancre
*Canker Sore “Apthous Ulcer” - Painful ulcer
3rd stage, Tabes dorsalis is known as
“Neurosyphilis”
2nd stage syphillis, wart-like lesion.
Condyloma Lata
Mucous Patches
*Condyloma Acuminata “Warts” - HPV
Nodular Ulcer in Tongue & Palate
GUMMA
DOC for Syphillis
Penicillin
Diagnostic test for Syphilis
FTABS “Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody Absorption” - antibody for syphilis
Microscope used for syphilis
Darkfield microscope
Hutchinson’s Triad
Hutchinson’s teeth, Interstitial Keratitis, Deafness, is seen in
Congenital Syphilis
Carried by arthropods affecting endothelium
Rickettsia
Endemic Typhus
Rickettsia TYPHI
Epidemic Typhus
Rickettsia Prowazekii
Known as smallest bacteria it causes “walking pneumonia”
MYCOPLASMA Pneumoniae
Most common sexually transmitted disease
CHLAMYDIA
DOC for Chlamydia
Doxycycline - Not for Pregnant Px (Tetracycline Group)
Azithromycin
TB of the Bone/Spine
Pott’s Disease!
TB of the SKIN
Lupus Vulgaris!
TB of the Lymph Nodes
Scrofula!
What kind of necrosis caused by Mycobacterium Tubercolosis
CASEOUS Necrosis! (Cheese-like)
what kind of inflammation TB
GRANULOMATOUS Inflammation
Definitive/Specific test for TB
Direct Sputum Smear Microscopy
DOTS meaning
Directly Observed Treatment Shortcourse
DOC for TB
Rifampicin
Isoniazid
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
Streptomycin
Adverse effect of Rifampicin
Red-Orange Secretion
Adverse effect of Isoniazid
PerIpheral neurItIs
Adv. Effect of Pyrazinamide
hyPYRuricemia
Adv. effect of ethambutol
Optic Neuritis
Adv. effect of Streptomycin
Ototoxicity
Mycobaterium Leprae is also known as?
“Hansen’s Disease”
leprosy, ketong.
Multiple, Lumpy abscess with board like swelling and a central soft spot “LUMPY JAW”, Histologic study: SULFUR GRANULES
Actinomycosis - “Actinomyces Israelli”
most commonly found in skin, normal flora of the skin
Staphylococcus Aureus
most common cause of nosocomial infection in surgical wound (hospital acquired)
Staphylococcus Aureus
Acute endocarditis, Osteomyelitis is caused by what microorganism
Staphylococcus Aureus
Streptococcus Viridans, causes what disease
Subacute Endocarditis
microorganism that causes dental caries
Streptococcus Mutans
1st colonizer of ORAL CAVITY
Streptococcus Saliva-rius
Streptococcus Sanguis is seen in
Plaque
Scarlet fever/Scarlatina is caused by what microorganism
Streptococcus Pyogenes
Infection of uterus after giving birth/ Uterine Infection
PUERPERAL Fever
Aschoff bodies is seen in
Rheumatic Fever
2 sequelae after pharyngitis
Rheumatic Fever
Acute Glomerulonephritis
Porphyromonas Gingivalis causes
Generalized Aggressive Periodontitis
PG=GaP
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans causes
Localied Aggressive Periodontitis
AA=LaP
Shigella causes
Bacillary Dysentery
Salmonella causes
Typhoid Fever
Microorganism that causes peptic ulcer
Helicobacter Pylori
Treponema that causes Periodontitis
T. Denticola
Most common microorganism that causes UTI
E. Coli
Inflammation of meninges which is the covering of brain and spinal cord is called?
Meningitis
MicroOrganism meningitis in Neonates
E. Coli
MO meningitis in child, infants
Hemophilus Influenzae
MO meningitis in young adults
Neisseria Meningitidis
MO meningitis in Elderly
Streptococcus Pneumoniae
Crede’s prophylaxis is given to a px with Opthalmia neonatorum caused by N. gonorrhea. What is the component of crede’s prophylaxis
A. Silver Nitrite
B. Silver Nitrate
C. Sodium Nitrate
D. Sodium Nitrite
B. SILVER NITRATE
Plasmodium a Protozoa that causes Malaria which attacks red blood cells is carried by
Anopheles Mosquito
Dengue Virus causes Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever which is carried by Aedis Aegypti and attacks what cell?
Platelets
Most common strain of Plasmodium/Malaria
VIVAX
Most fatal strain of Plasmodium/Malaria
FALCIFARUM
DOC for Malaria
Quinine
Entamoeba Histolytica causes
Amoebiasis
DOC for
Amoebiasis
Giardiasis
Trichomoniasis
Metronidazole
Strawberry cervix is commonly seen in female, caused by:
Trichomonas Vaginalis
HIV attacks what cell
CD4
All DNA virus are double stranded except?
Parvo Virus
All DNA virus induce latency except
Adenovirus
Primary gingivostomatitis is a manifestation of
HSV-1
HSV-1 hides in
Trigeminal Ganglion
HSV-2 hides in
Sacral Ganglion
Diagnostic test for HSV-1
Tzanck Smear
Varicella Zoster Virus hides in
Dorsal root ganglion
type of rash/Manifestation of chicken pox
Vesiculopapular Rash
Recurrence of VZV
Shingles
Recurrence of HSV-1
Herpes Labialis “Cold Sore”
Facial Paralysis, Ear Rash, affects CN 7 & 8, common in adult, blistering, painful, reddish rash on ears and mouth.
Ramsay Hunt Syndrome
Heterophil antibodies is seen in what disease? common in teenagers.
Infectious Mononucleosis “Kissing Disease”
Test used to check for heterophil antibodies
Paul-Bunnel Test
Non-Hodgkins is
Histologic study: Starry Sky appearance.
Xray: Moth eatan appearance.
Burkitt’s Lymphoma
Moth eaten is seen in
Acute Osteomyelitis
Burkitt’s Lymphoma
Chondrosarcoma
EWING’S SARCOMA
White lesion which cannot be rubbed off
Leukoplakia
White lesion which can be rubbed off
CANdidiasis
most common cancer in nasopharynx
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Infectious mononucleosis, Burkitt’s lymphoma, oral hairy leukoplakia, nasopharyngeal carcinoma is seen in what virus?
Epstein-Barr Virus
Type of rash of Measles
Maculopapular Rash
Baby measles, sixth disease is
Roseola Infantum
Most common cancer associated with AIDS, affects blood vessel.
diagnostic histopath: Spindle cells
Lesion: Patches to plaques to nodules
Kaposi’s Sarcoma/KSHV
most common discoloration of lesion of patient with Kaposi sarcoma
Purple
smallest double stranded DNA virus
Hepadna / Hepa B
Reverse Transcriptase RNA:
HIV
Reverse transcriptase DNA:
Hepa B
Pink-eye/Conjunctivitis “Sore eyes”, Pneumonia, Pharyngitis is seen in what virus
Adenovirus
Smallest DNA Virus, infects RBC precursor in Bone marrow
Parvovirus
HPV type 1,2 is seen in
Skin/Cutaneous
HPV types 6,11 is the
Anogenital Warts “Cauliflower-Like”
“Condyloma acuminata”
Largest and most complex DNA virus
Poxvirus
Distinctive feature of Monkeypox virus
Lymphadenopathy
Poliomyelitis affects the ___ horn of spinal cord
Anterior
Sensory - Posterior
Anterior - MOTOR
Ulceration only in the posterior part of the oral cavity, soft palate & oropharynx
Herpangina
Most common cause of common cold
Rhinovirus
most common cause of viral jaundice
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A & E transmission:
Feco-oral (tAE)
Most common cause of gastroenteritis in children
Rotavirus
German Measles is
Rubella
Forsheimer spots is seen in
German measles / Rubivirus
Virus that causes FLU
Influenza Virus / Orthomyxo Virus
Bullet shaped virus, affects central nervous system, histology: Negri Bodies
Rhabdovirus, Rabies.
Also known as endemic parotitis
Mumps
measles vaccine should be given:
9 months
Enanthem of measles:
affects the mucous membrane.
Koplik’s Spots
Exanthem of measles:
Maculopapular Rash
Rubeola is also known as?
Measles
Transmission of Covid-19
Droplet Transmission
Indoor transmission of Sarscov2
Aerosol
Most common sign of Covid19
Fever
Social Distancing
Feet:
Meter:
6ft
1 meter
Most effective drug in severe covid before intubation
Remdesivir
(Veklury)
the terminal stage of HIV
AIDS
earliest antigen detection in hiv, major capsid protein of hiv
P24
hallmark of HIV
Reverse transcriptase
PCR meaning (antibody detection)
Polymerase Chain Reaction
ELISA
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Confirmatory test of HIV
Western Blot
HAART (decrease viral load of HIV)
Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy
Post-Transfusion Hepatitis is also known as
Hepatitis C
most common cause of encephalitis
Virus
Herman’s sign (Petechial Rash) can be assess by
Tourniquet Test / Rumpel-Leede Test / Capillary Fragility
Decrease in the amount of platelet
Thrombocytopenia
state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease
HEALTH
True or False: not all inflammation has infection, but all infection has inflammation
True
Most common opportunistic fungal infection
Candida Albicans
Close contact, droplet is a type/mode of transmission of
Direct Contact
Vector (insects), vehicle (water, food, fomites - inannimate objects), airborne is a type/mode of transmission of
Indirect Contact
Abnormal state when infection alters body functions resulting in reduction of capacities or shortening of normal life span
Disease
Endemic Fluorosis
Agno, Pangasinan & Bacoor, Cavite
Distribution of Disease:
Occasionally
Sporadic
Distribution of Disease:
Constantly Present
Endemic
Distribution of Disease:
Acquired by many in short span of time
Epidemic
Distribution of Disease:
Worldwide
Pandemic
Exposure to MO until the appearance of first sign & symptoms - Stage of replication
Incubation
General, non specific sign and symptom
Prodromal
Pronounced specific sign and symptom
Acute
Appearance of 2ndary infection, successful defense of immune system
Decline
Recovery period of disease
Convalescence
Breakdown of living tissue by the action of microorganisms accompanied by inflammation.
Sepsis
Best, Most Practical, economical, dependable method of sterilization
Autoclave
most widely used antiseptic
Alcohol
Most efficient, reliable, biologically monitored method of sterilization
Heat
Moist heat =
121c - 15psi - 15-20mins
Most commonly used gas
Ethylene Oxide Gas
Ethylene oxide gas is used for
Sterilization
autoclave follows the steam under pressure, what is the material recommended in the community
Pressure cooker
Gold standard for mouthwashes
Chlorhexidine
Cumulative effect in repeated dose
Phenol
1st vaccine given to new born
Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) - Right Deltoid (intradermal)
Hepa B - Vastus Lateralis (Intramuscular)
Process by which vaccines are introduced into the body before infection sets in
IMMUNIZATION
Measles vaccine is given to infant in __ months
9
Ability of the body to destroy pathogens
Immunity
Source of electron
Tungsten Filament
Objectives 4x, 10x, 40x, 100x forms
Primary Image
Eyepiece / Ocular lens forms
Secondary Image
what type of hypersensitivity reaction stimulates fungal infection
Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction, same as TB
Most common systemic fungal infection
Histoplasma Capsulatum - “Histoplasmosis” : TB LIKE SYMPTOMS
DOC for Histoplamosis
Amphotericin B
Most common opportunistic fungal infection cause by candida albicans, white lesion can be rubbed off.
Candidiasis
Most common type of candida albicans
Pseudomembranous type
DOC for candidiasis
Nystatin
DOC for systemic candidiasis
Amphotericin B
Angular cheilitis related to candidiasis is called
Perleche
Angular Cheilitis has a deficiency in vitamin
B2 (Riboflavin)
Decrease in Vertical Dimension is related in what fungal infection
Angular Cheilitis
Aspergillus Fumigatus has a presence of
Aflatoxin
Microorganism does not cause latent infection
Polio, Herpes Simplex
Candida Albicans occcurs as
both yeast and mycelial form
drugs that is likely to aid in treating or preventing influenza in high risk subjects during epidemics?
Amantadine
not a characteristic of Streptococcus pyogenes?
Gram negative
In aerobic respiration, the terminal electron acceptor is
Oxygen
Persons vaccinated against hepatitis B who have developed immunity are also immune to the
Hepatitis D
Viruses that attack bacteria are called
Bacteriophage
The most toxic exotoxin is
Botulinum toxin
viruses has not been associated with human cancer?
Varicella-Zoster Virus
Following are considered eukaryotes except?
Fungi
Archaea
Humans
Protozoa
Archaea
Moist heat kills microorganisms by
Denaturation of protein
conditions that is most likely to be associated with a heterophile agglutination titer greater than 1:128?
Infectious mononucleosis
The most common infection in AIDS is
Pneumocystis Carinii
The bacteria which can ferment mannitol anaerobically is
Staphylococcus Aureus
Clostridium is distinguished from Bacillus primarily in that the former is
Anaerobic
The rationale of using antibiotics in the treatment of scarlet fever is the prevention of complications such as
Glumerulonephritis
bacteria lack a cell wall and are therefore resistant to penicillin?
Mycoplasma
Rancidity in spoiled foods is due to
Lipolytic Organisms
not a characteristic of exotoxins?
Heat stable
Maxillary sinusitis of odontogenic origin is
Mixed
Aerobic
Fungal
Anaerobic
Mixed
What keeps the kidney, ureter, bladder, and upper urethra sterile?
Flow of urine
