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DMD > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Tough, durable form of supporting connective tissue that is avascular and lacks nerves, slow and ineffective repair, characterized by an extracellular matrix with high concentrations of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans and type II collagen

A

Cartilage

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2
Q

Cells that make up the cartilage, synthesis and maintains the ECM

A

Chondrocytes

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3
Q

Matrix cavities of chondrocytes

A

Lacunae

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4
Q

Benign tumor of cartilage cells, usually found in the phalanges between 20-20yrs of age

A

Chondroma

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5
Q

Fibrous connective tissue lining of cartilage, considered the vascular supply, contains chondroblasts

A

Perichondrium

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6
Q

Growth by cell division of chondrocytes, “growth from within”

A

Interstitial Growth

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7
Q

Growth by layering, deposition of cartilage matrix by chondroblasts

A

Appositional Growth

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8
Q

Cartilage responsible for cartilage matrix for endochondral ossification, embryonic skeletal formation and composed of homogenous amorphous matrix.

A

Hyaline Cartilage

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9
Q

Degeneration “gradual loss or change” of physical properties of the hyaline cartilage brought about by aging, trauma, or excessive function. Mostly affects weigh bearing joints. “Wear and tear”

A

Osteoarthritis

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10
Q

Less dense matrix, consists of elastic fibers and lamellae and elastin

A

Elastic Cartilage

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11
Q

Fibrous dense matrix, not elastic, not covered by perichondrium

A

Fibrocartilage

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12
Q

Fibrocartilage is what type of Collagen

A

Type I

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13
Q

Articular disc, TMJ, is what type or cartilage

A

Fibrocartilage

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14
Q

Bones in adult:

A

206 (80 Axial and 126 perpendicular)

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15
Q

Facial component of the skull / Facial skeleton is also known as

A

Viscerocranium
-neural crest origin

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16
Q

Cartilaginous neurocranium is also known as

A

Chondrocranium (Cranial Base)
it undergoes endochondral formation.

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17
Q

Protects the brain and brainstem

A

Neurocranium (cranial vault)
intramembranous type of ossification.

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18
Q

Margins of the cranial vault that are membranous at birth, found at the junction of sutures

A

Fontanelles
- fibrous membranes

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19
Q

Posterior Fontanelle
- 1st to ossify in 6-8 weeks after birth
- Triangular in shape
- it is a junction of _____ sutures

A

Sagittal and Lambdoid suture

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20
Q

Sphenoid fontanelle
- also known as “anterolateral fontanelle”
- Paired
- Junction of sphenoid, parietal, temporal and frontal bones
- Ossified by ___ months

A

6 months

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21
Q

Mastoid Fontanelle
- Paired
- Junction of occipital, parietal, and temporal
- Ossified by 6-18 months
- also known as:

A

“Posterolateral Fontanelle”

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22
Q

Anterior Fontanelle
- Junction of coronal, frontal and parietal suture
- Ossified between 18-24 months
- it is a ____ shaped

A

Diamond Shape

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23
Q

Frontal suture is commonly seen in children and also known as

A

Metopic Suture

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24
Q

Fibrous joints that connects the bones of the skull, acts as an expansion joint allowing the bone to enlarge as the brain grows

A

Cranial Sutures

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25
Q

Suture that connects: FRONTAL AND PARIETAL BONES

A

Coronal Suture

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26
Q

Suture that connects: L/R PARIETAL BONES

A

Sagittal Suture

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27
Q

Suture that connects: Parietal and Occipital Bones

A

Lambdoidal Suture

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28
Q

Suture that connects: Parietal and temporal bones

A

Squamosal Suture

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29
Q

Junction of greater wings of sphenoid, squamous temporal, frontal and parietal bones. Related to the anterior division of the middle meningeal artery

A

PTERION

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30
Q

Superior point of neurocranium, midpoint with cranium at anatomical position

A

VERTEX

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31
Q

Star shaped point, located at the junction of parietomastoid, occipitomastiod, lambdoid sutures.

A

ASTERION

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32
Q

More anterior projecting part of forehead, on frontal bone, found at the superior part of the nose, smooth prominence, marked in males.

A

Glabella

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33
Q

Most prominent part of external occipital protuberance

A

INION

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34
Q

Junction of the frontonasal and internasal suture

A

NASION

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35
Q

Lesser wing of sphenoid bone, Anterior clinoid process of sphenoid bone, Frontal bone, Ethmoid bone is seen in _____ ____ Fossa

A

Anterior Cranial Fossa

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36
Q

the body and greater wing of sphenoid bone together with the squamous part and anterior surface of petrous part of Temporal bone is seen in ______ Fossa

A

Middle Cranial Fossa

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37
Q

Occipital bone, superior border of petrous part of temporal bone is seen in _____ fossa

A

Posterior Cranial fossa

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38
Q

Foramen of CRIBRIFORM PLATE passes what Cranial Nerve

A

CN I (Olfactory nerve)

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39
Q

Houses the ethmoid sinuses, forms the superior and middle nasal conchae

A

ETHMOID BONE

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40
Q

Houses the Pituitary Gland

A

Sella Turcica or “Hypophyseal Fossa”

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41
Q

Hypophyseal fossa / Sella turcica is found on

A

Sphenoid Bone

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42
Q

Accessory meningeal artery and CN V3 passes through

A

FORAMEN OVALE

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43
Q

CN V2 passes through

A

Foramen Rotundum

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44
Q

Middle Meningeal artery, Meningeal branch of V3 passes through

A

Foramen Spinosum

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45
Q

Ophthalmic Artery, CN II passes through

A

Optic Canal

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46
Q

Floor and anterior wall of External acoustic meatus if found in

A

Tympanic portion of Temporal bone

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47
Q

Facial Skeleton Unpaired bone

A

Mandible and Vomer

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48
Q

Unpaired bone in cranium/cranial

A

Adult: Ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal bone.
(Infant child: Paired frontal bone)

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49
Q

Houses the maxillary sinus/antrum of highmore

A

Body of Maxilla

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50
Q

Maxillary sinus - largest paranasal sinus, Drains into the nasal cavity at the:

A

Hiatus Semilunaris (middle meatus)

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51
Q

Contains an orbital surface, floor of the orbit, medial rim with the lacrimal bone.

A

Frontal Process

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52
Q

Houses roots of the maxillary teeth

A

Alveolar Process

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53
Q

Palatal process forms the anterior two third of the hard palate with a suture separating into right and left called

A

MEDIAN PALATINE SUTURE

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54
Q

L shaped bones located behind the maxilla, forms the posterior portion of the hard palate, floor and lateral wall of the nasal cavity

A

Palatine bones

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55
Q

An inverted pyramid in the midface, window to the pterygopalatine fossa

A

Pterygomaxillary Fissure

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56
Q

1st cervical vertebrae

A

Atlas

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57
Q

The ____ ____ includes the ribs, the thoracic vertebrate, the sternum, and the costal cartilage that attach the ribs to the sternum, protects viscera.

A

Thoracic Cage

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58
Q

Costal cartilage is made up of what cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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59
Q

Rib structure that articulates with the vertebrae

A

Tubercle

60
Q

rib structure that articulates with the vertebrae, posterior end.

A

Head

61
Q

Radius is what part of forearm bone

A

Lateral

62
Q

Ulna is what part of forearm bone

A

Medial

63
Q

aka Kneecap, anterior surface of the knee join, flat sesamoid bone located in the quadriceps tendon

A

Patella

64
Q

aka shin bone, makes the medial malleolus

A

Tibia

65
Q

non-weight bearing bone, makes the lateral malleolus

A

Fibula

66
Q

Tuberculous infection affecting the vertebrae

A

Pott’s disease

67
Q

Highly vascular, composed of calcified bone matrix

A

BONE

68
Q

main organic component of bone

A

Collagen

69
Q

Growing cells which secrete the organic component of the bone matrix called “OSTEOID”

A

Osteoblasts

70
Q

cells Found in space/cavities called “LACUNAE” between matrix layers “lamellae” with cytoplasmic process in small canaliculi

A

Osteocytes

71
Q

Osteoclast derived from monocytes from bone marrow, macrophages of the bone, for bone destruction or bone resorption, found in a space called:

A

HOWSHIP’s Lacunae

72
Q

also known as brittle bone disease, osteoblasts produce deficient amounts of type 1 collagen or defective type 1 collagen, leads to bone fragility because of decreased resiliency in the bone matrix.

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta

73
Q

Osteoclasts lack ruffled borders and bone resorption is defective, characterized by dense, heavy bones “Marble bones”

A

Osteopetrosis

74
Q

also known as paget’s disease of bone, malignant transformation to osteosarcoma (most common), fibrosarcoma or chondroma. Increase blood alkaline phosphatase

A

Osteitis Deformans

75
Q

benign neoplasm of bone that remains small in size, well-defined central radiolucent region + outer sclerotic bone, most commonly affects the tibia or femur

A

Osteoid Osteoma

76
Q

Unites the periosteum to the underlying bone

A

Sharpey’s fiber

77
Q

Thick fibrous membrane covering the surface of bone, dense irregular tissue: source of osteoprogenitor cells

A

Periosteum

78
Q

second most common malignant tumor of bone

A

Osteogenic Sarcoma

79
Q

radiographic appearance of osteogenic sarcom

A

Sunray appearance

80
Q

inflammatory disease affecting marrow tissue and periosteum

A

Osteomyelitis
caused by Staph. Aureus (Body)

81
Q

DOC for osteomyelitis

A

Clindamycin
Cephalosporins

82
Q

immature bone that is fibrous is called

A

Woven Bone

83
Q

Strongest form of bone

A

Compact Bone “Cortical Bone / Dense Bone”

84
Q

Made up of taberculae, inner regionn of the bone, adjacent to the marrow cavities

A

Spongy bone “Cancellous bone / Trabecular Bone”

85
Q

Immovable joint is called
made up of fibrous connective tissue

A

Synarthrosis

86
Q

Slightly movable joint

A

Amphiarthrosis

87
Q

Freely movable joint
classified according to plane of movement

A

Diarthrosis

88
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis in children

A

Still’s Disease

89
Q

Found at the center of haversian system or osteon?

A

Haversian Canal

90
Q

Other name for alveolar proper

A

Bundle bone / Cribriform plate

91
Q

Mineralized ligaments penetrating the circumferential lamellae of hard tissues?

A

Sharpey’s Fiber

92
Q

Site of hematopoiesis in embryo

A

Yolk sac

93
Q

Site of hematopoiesis in Fetus

A

Liver (Accessory organ: Spleen + Lymph Nodes)

94
Q

Site of hematopoiesis after birth

A

Red Bone Marrow

95
Q

Main bones involved in hematopoiesis in children

A

Long Bones (Red bone marrow)

96
Q

Main bones involved in hematopoiesis in adults

A

Pelvis, skull, vertebra, sternum

97
Q

Cleft of hard palate is known as

A

Uranoshisis

98
Q

Cleft of soft palate is known as

A

Staphyloschisis

99
Q

Cleft of soft and hard palate is known as

A

Uranostaphyloschisis

100
Q

Blood calcium level:

A

9-11 mg/dl

101
Q

Bone is similar structure to, what part of the tooth.

A

DENTIN

102
Q

Attaches muscle to bone

A

Tendons

103
Q

attaches bone to bone

A

Ligaments

104
Q

attaches muscle to muscle

A

Aponeurosis

105
Q

walnut shaped bone

A

Ethmoid

106
Q

1st bone to ossify during development, most commonly fractured bone in the human body

A

Clavicle

107
Q

Strongest bone in the head and neck, forms the cranial base

A

Petrous part of temporal bone

108
Q

strongest facial bone

A

Mandible

109
Q

When cartilage becomes calcified, the chondrocytes usually

A

die because of lack of diffusion

110
Q

What is the major change in bone matrix during its mineralization

A

Water content decreases

111
Q

the superior orbital fissure is located between the

A

greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone

112
Q

the maxillary sinus opens into the

A

Middle meatus

113
Q

the bony roof of the infratemporal fossa is formed by the

A

Greater wing of sphenoid bone

114
Q

slightly movable joint

A

amphiarthroses

115
Q

the jugular foramen transmits which cranial nerve

A

IX, X, XI

116
Q

The sternal angle is used in located precisely the

A

Second rib “Angle of louis”

117
Q

the sphenooccipital synchondrosis in the midline of the cranial base of a newborn consists of

A

Hyaline cartilage

118
Q

Articular surface of most diarthrodial joints are covered by

A

Hyaline cartilage

119
Q

what nerve passes through the foramen rotundom

A

Maxillary nerve

120
Q

Intramembranous bone formation involves

A

transformation of osteoblasts to osteocytes

121
Q

the communication between the infratemporal fossa and the pterygopalatine fossa is the

A

Pterygomaxillary fissure

122
Q

which of the following does not directly promote mineralization of the bone

A. Vitamin A
B. Vit. D
C. Gonodal Hormones
D. Parathyroid Hormones

A

D. Parathyroid hormones

123
Q

the organic matrix of bone is composed largely of collagen and

A

Glycosaminoglycans

124
Q

a benign mush-room like tumor of bone, in the metaphyseal are of young person, showing a peripheral cartilage cap is a

A

Osteochondroma

125
Q

Osteomyelitis is most commonly associated with bacteria:

A

Staphylococcus Aureus
in infants: streptococci

126
Q

Osteomalacia is a bone disorder resulting from

A

Vitamin D deficiency in adults

127
Q

primary tumor of which of the following organs is least likely to give rise to skeletal metastasis

A

Tongue

128
Q

a patient with which of the following diseases is predisposed to develop osteosarcoma

A. Osteomalacia
B. Osteopetrosis
C. Paget’s disease of bone
D. Osteogenesis imperfecta
E. Osteomyelitis

A

C.

129
Q

cause of Symptoms of osteoarthritis is the degredation in load bearing joints

A. Meniscus
B. Synovial membrane
C. Bursa
D. Articular Cartilage

A

D. Articular Cartilage

130
Q

SYNarthrosis is an

A

IMMOVABLE Joint

131
Q

Joints in the flat bones of the Fused cranium are classified as

A

Sutures

132
Q

allows the maximum rotational movement of the head about its vertical axis

A

atlanto axial joint

133
Q

Internal acoustic meatus transmits which two structures

A

Facial Nerve & Vestibulocochlear nerve

134
Q

allows for the exit of the spinal accessory nerve from the cranial cavity

A

Jugular Foramen

135
Q

Bone in the mandible develops by

A

Intramembranous Ossification

136
Q

a tubercle is

A

a small, rounded process

137
Q

the shaft of a long bone is capped on the end by spongy bone that is surrounded by compact bone. this is called the

A

Epiphysis

138
Q

which can be defined as a tube-like passage running through a bone
A. Fovea
B. Meatus
C. Fossa
D. Fissure

A

MEATUS

139
Q

Which fossa has no bony inferior or posterior boundary?

A. Pteygopalatine fossa
B. Infratemporal fossa
C. Temporal Fossa

A

B. Infratemporal fossa

140
Q

which of the following receives the opening of the nasolacrimal duct

A. Superior Meatus
B. Middle Meatus
C. Inferior meatus

A

C. Inferior meatus

141
Q

the medial pterygoid plate is a component of which bone

A. Sphenoid bone
B. Occipital bone
C. Palatine bone
D. Temporal Bone

A

A. Sphenoid bone

142
Q

Osteocytes are located in theses spaces

A

Lacunae

143
Q

cup-shaped cavity that receives the head of the femur is called

A

Acetabulum

144
Q

osteopetrosis is characterized by

A

greatly increased density of skeleton

145
Q

mosaic pattern of bone caused by an increased in both osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity is characteristic of

A

Paget’s disease of bone

146
Q

Osteomalacia means

A

“Soft bones”

DMD (24 decks)

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