General Anatomy (Doc Pau) Flashcards
Transverse plane is also known as?
Horizontal Plane
part of tongue that is common to have squamous cell carcinoma?
Lateral part of tongue, posterior 1/3rd and ventral part of tongue
Dorsal of tongue; Papilla
Your heart is ___ to your lungs
Medial or Lateral?
Medial
Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity communicates in
Hiatus or Foramen Magnum?
HIATUS
Cranial & Spinal cavity communicates in: Foramen Magnum
the largest foramen of the head and neck
Foramen Magnum
The largest foramen in the body
Obturator Foramen
- loc. pelvic bone
most commonly fractured bone during CPR
Xiphoid process
Sternal angle is located between thoracic #
4 and 5
bifurcation of trachea is called
Carina
- katapat ng sternal angle/angle of Louis
Major muscle of breathing, dome shaped skeletal muscle, innervated by Phrenic nerve composed of Cervical spinal nerves 3-C4-C5, Inhalation and inspiration
DIAPHRAGM
C1-C2-C3 that innervates hyoid muscles is called?
Ansa Cervicalis
basic/functional unit of life
Cells
Cells control center
Nucleus
center of nucleus: Nucleolus: RNA + Chon - important for ribosome formation
Nuclear sap appears ____ stain on microscope
Light Stain
Cytoplasm is the space where organelles are located, _____ is the liquid in the cytoplasm
Cytosol
folds in the mitochondria called as?
Cristae
Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus contains folds called: CISTERNAE
Protein factory of the cell
Ribosome
Shipping department of the cell, Modify, packages, distribute molecules.
Golgi Apparatus
Responsible for lipid synthesis
Smooth ER
Rough ER - CHON synthesis
Storage of molecules
Vacuole
Peroxisomes encharge for Detoxification it is high amount in
Liver, Kidney, Large intestine
Digestive system of the cell
Lysosome
- in Sweat, tears, saliva
enzyme called: Lysozyme
Boundary of the cell, selective permeable phospholipid bilayer
Cell Membrane
3 essential Fatty Acid
ARAchidonic acid
LINOleic acid
LINOlenic acid
Largest RNA
mRNA
Most abundant - rRNA
Smallest - tRNA
Primary enzyme for replication
DNA Polymerase
Primary enzyme for transcription
RNA Polymerase
Connects the okazaki fragments formed
DNA Ligase
Process in which DNA serves as template for the assembly of molecules of RNA
Transcription
Disorder of purine metabolism
GOUT / Gouty arthritis
Phases of Cell Cycle
*Interphase - Longest Phase
*Mitosis - Shortest Phase
Interphase:
G1 - Organelles, CHON, RNA
S - DNA synthesis
G2 - ATP
G0 - no cell cycle
after G2:
Phases of Mitosis - P M A T
Mitosis:
P M A T
Prophase - Dissolution of nucleus
Metaphase - Chromosome midalignment
Anaphase - Separation of Sister Chromatids
Telophase - Actual splitting “Cytokinesis”
2 Division, happens only in sex cells, Haploid (n) - 23 in numbers
MEIOSIS
Mitosis: 1 Division, All somatic cells, Diploid (2n) - 23 Pairs
out of 23 = 22 pairs is called
AUTOSOMES
1 Pair is called Sex Chromosomes
Female = XX
Male = XY
Male with barr body XXY
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
Macrophage in liver
Kupffer cell
function of bone marrow
Hematopoeisis
- blood cell formation
B-cell matures in?
Bone Marrow
T-Cell matures in Thymus Gland
Function of B-Cell
Humoral Immunity
Function of T-Cell - Cell-mediated immunity
antibodies came from what cell?
Plasma cell
richest source of histamine
Mast Cell
Macrophage in brain
Microglia
MYELIN SHEATH IN CNS
Oligodendrocytes
MYELIN SHEATH IN PNS
SHWANN CELL
cell that produce testosterone
Leydig cells
Testosterone - most potent androgen in the body esp. male.
Hormone that stimulates Leydig cells
luteinizing hormone
cells that produces testicular fluid
Sertoli cells
hormone that stimulate sertoli cells
Follicle stimulating hormone
Macrophage of the skin
Langerhans cell
Langhans cell is seen in what disease
Tubercolosis
Goblet cell is seen in
Respiratory and GI epithelium
ISLETS OF LANGERHANS IS SEEN IN
PANCREAS
Glucagon - Alpha, Beta - Insulin: decreases glucose, best administered through subcutaneous admin., best site abdomen
Fructose is a
Ketose
Most cariogenic sugar
Sucrose
Basic unit of protein
Amino Acid
Start codon
AUG/Methionine
Histamine came from
Histidine
Serotonin, Melatonin came from
Tryptophan
deficiency in enzyme tyrosinase, no color of skin
Albinism
Phenylalanine -> Tyrosine -> Melanin and Dopamine: nE, Epi
Basic unit of Fat
Fatty Acid
3 essentials: Arachidonic, Linoleic acid, Linolenic acid.
most abundant cell in connective tissue, PDL, pulp
Fibroblasts
most abundant protein in the body
Collagen
Basic unit of collagen
Tropocollagen
Squamous cell carcinoma metastasize by means of?
Lymphatic system
Sarcoma = Blood vessel
disease which has increase in Acid phosphatase
Prostate Cancer
Part of cigarette that causes mutation
Benzpyrene
Nicotine - Addiction
absence of enzyme hexosaminidase is a disease called
Tay-sach’s disease
- Macula - cherry red
- Neurodegenarative dis
- onion skin lysosome
Sickle cell anemia is a form of _____ mutation
Missense.
*Hair on end effect
most common cause of genetic mental retardation, most common chromosomal disorder, high risk for increase maternal age. High risk for Perio than dental caries. MO: Prevotella Intermedia.
Pathognomonic sign: Simian Crease
Down’s Syndrome “Trisomy 21”
Chromosome with XXY, testicular and penile atrophy, gynecomastia.
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
deletion of short arm of chromosome 5
Cri-Du-Chat syndrome
defect in fibrillin-1, funnel chest “Pectus Excavatum”
Marfan’s Syndrome
“Pectus Carinatum” = Ricketts = decrease in vitamin D
most common cause of cushing’s syndrome
Prolonged use of corticosteroid therapy
prolonged use of corticosteroid can lead to
osteoporosis
- inhibits osteoblasts
drug used to reduced motion sickness and sign and symptoms of vertigo
Meclizine / Bonamine
autograft that has High osteogenic potential
autocanellous graft
functional unit of bone
Osteon “Haversian System”
osteon matrix is called
Lamellae
- collagen, hydroxyapatite crystals
Location of Osteocytes
Lacunae/Lacuna
Terminal End of PDL fibers
Sharpey’s Fibers
function of osteocyte
Maintenance
cancellous bone in the flat bone is called?
Diploe
there are __ skull bones
22
Cervical vertebrae 1 is called
Atlas
C2 - Axis
external occipital protuberance
attachment of trapezius muscle
Bat shaped bone/Butterfly/Wasp, most complex bone in the body
Sphenoid Bone
Foramen rotundum is ____ than foramen ovale
a. Ant, Medial
b. Post, lateral
c. Sup. medial
d. Inf. Medial
A.
Attachment of tensor veli palatini
Hamulus / Medial pterygoid process
Tensor veli palatini is a muscle of the soft palate and it is the ONLY muscle of the soft palate that innervates by Cranial V_?
3
Origin of pterygoids muscle:
Lateral pterygoid process
Int / Medial
Ext / Lateral
Walnut shaped bone
Ethmoid bone
- CRIsta galli : anterior attachment of falx cerebri
- CRIbriform plate : Exit of CN1
EXIT OF CN1
Cribriform plate of Ethmoid Bone
intersphenoidal synchondrosis ossify at
Birth
Frankfort horizontal is from your?
Porion to orbitale
Sutural dominance theory came from
Sicher
Pterion and asterion closes approx. _ to _ Months
1-2
Lambda closes approx _ Months
2
Bregma closes approx __ to __ months
12 - 24 / 18 months
Largest arterial supply of meninges
Middle meningeal artery
part of mandible that attaches to temporalis muscle
Coronoid process
part of mandible that is most commonly fractured when sudden contraction of temporalis muscle
coronoid process of the mandible
largest muscle of mastication
Temporalis
largest of all vertebrae
Lumbar
-carries weight
- Lordosis
heart shaped vertebrae, common to have kyphosis, scoliosis, osteoporosis
Thoracic vert.
Pairs of true ribs?
7
FALSE: 7 pairs, Floating: 2 Pair
total number of true ribs
14
the most commonly fractured bone in the body
TibiA
strongest/longest bone in the body
Femur
location of nucleus of skeletal muscle
Periphery
basic unit of skeletal muscle
Sarcomere
boundary of sarcomere, attachment of actin
z disk
muscle that maintains wide airway
POSTERIOR CRICOARYTENOID MUSCLE
(Abduct)
main extensor nerve
Radial nerve
main extensor of the hip
Gluteus Maximus
main bulk of thigh
Quadriceps Femoris
Longest muscle
Sartorius
hip adductors : ____ compartment
Medial compartment
toe dancer muscle
Gastrocnemius
Probenecid enhances the effect of _____, leading to overdose of the patient.
Penicillin
most common type of osteoporosis
Senile osteoporosis
brittle bone disease, impairment of collagen 1 synthesis, BLUE SCLERA
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
radiographic appearance of EARLY paget’s disease
Groundglass appearance
radiographic appearance of Paget’s disease
Cottonwool appearane
Pigeons chest “Pectus carinatum” vit D deficiency in children
Ricketts
ADULT: Osteomalacia “soft bone”
Pectus excavatum
Marfan syndrome
Porous Bone:
Soft bone:
Too much bone:
Brittle bone:
Osteoporosis
Osteomalacia
Osteopetrosis
Osteogenesis imperfecta
spreading factor of streptococcal infection
Hyaluronidase
monroe’s abscess is seen in what disease
Psoriasis
brodie’s abscess, inflammatory response affecting bone marrow cavity
Osteomyelitis
most common primary malignant bone tumor
Osteosarcoma
most common degenerative bone disease
Osteoarthritis
- wear and tear
- elderly
disorder of purine metabolism bone disease
Gouty arthritis
- common in male
- Big toe “PODAGRA”
autoimmune bone disorder, common in female, symmetrical.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
basic unit of bone?
Osteon / Haversian system
basic unit of skeletal muscle
Sarcomere
basic unit of nervous system
Neuron
macrophage of CNS
Microglia
Jumping of action potential
Saltatory conduction
no myelin sheath - continuous conduction
most dangerous part of the scalp
Loose areolar tissue -> Thrombophlebitis
main scalp proper are?
Skin, Connective tissue, Aponeurosis
Periosteum of cranium
Pericranium
thalamus can be seen in what part of the brain?
Diencephalon
Largest and the most superior part of the brain
Cerebrum
Connects the left and right side of the brain
Corpus callosum
- white matter - medulla
part of brain that is affected
by parkinsons disease
Substantia nigra
Sensory impulse relay station except sense of Smell
Thalamus
autonomic nervous system center, regulates: pituitary gland, libido, appetite, temperature, emotion.
Hypothalamus
encharge for circadian rhythm
Melatonin
Releases cerebrospinal fluid
Chroid Plexus
Emotional Brain
Limbic System
the heart of the brain
Midbrain
Respiratory Center of the brain
Pons
- respiration happens intracellular
Medulla oblongata - incharge for breathing
Neurons of breathing is called
Botzinger Complex
Most vital part of the brain
Medulla Oblongata
part of the brain, area of spinal deccusation
Medulla Oblongata
coordination and balance/equilibrium, little brain.
Cerebellum
part of spinal that is affected by polio virus
Anterior or Posterior?
Anterior
1st ever discovered neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine
- Autonomic NS, Learning, Muscle contraction
reward, pleasure hormone
Dopamine
decrease dopamine =
Parkinson’s disease
Increase Dopamine - Schizophrenia
natural analgesic, natural opioids
Endorphins
Inhibitory neurotransmitter, inhibits consciousness, calming.
GABA
Value of resting membrane potential
-70 to -90 mV
main extensor nerve
Radial nerve
longest and largest nerve in the body, longest spinal nerve
Sciatic nerve
Largest cranial nerve
Trigeminal nerve
longest cranial nerve in the body
Vagus nerve
Longest cranial nerve in the head and neck area, smallest cranial nerve
Trochlear nerve
4 cranial nerves that has PNS
3, 7, 9, 10.
smallest muscle innervated by CN 7
Stapedius muscle
smallest bone in the body
Stapes
this is where gas exchange happens
Respiratory Zone or Conducting zone?
Respiratory Zone
Main site of gas exchange
Alveoli
- simple squamous epithelium
all paranasal sinus is innervated by
CN V
all paranasal sinus lining is
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Conchae is lined by
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
mouth breathing is associated with?
Long face syndrome
muscles of the larynx is innervated by recurrent laryngeal nerve except?
Cricothyroid muscle
- external laryngeal nerve
Recurrent laryngeal nerve and external laryngeal nerve are both branches of?
CN?
10
the area of emergency tracheostomy
Cricothyroid Ligament
part of bronchi that has no glands, no cartilages
Bronchioles
composed/areas of respiratory zone, gas exchange zone: Respi. Bronchioles, Alveolar ducts, ALveoli
ACINUS
Secretes glycosaminoglycans to protect bronchiole linings
CLARA CELLS
Macrophage of the lungs
Dust cells
Lobes of right lungs
3
most vital part of the brain
Medulla oblongata
the byproduct of streptococcus mutans and anaerobic metabolism
Lactic Acid
consolidation of lung tissues, most common cause: infection.
Pneumonia
Smallest bacteria, atypical pneumonia
Mycoplasma
most common malignant tumor of nasopharynx
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
EBV - HSV4
DOC for acute asthamtic attack
Albuterol
Primary organ for urinary system
Kidney
definitive adult kidney
Metanephros
Functional unit of urinary system
Nephrons
approx. ___ nephron in each kidney
1Million
tuft/network of capillaries
Glomerulus
what is the most potent vasoconstrictor used in dentistry?
Epinephrine
