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DMD > General Anatomy (Doc Pau) > Flashcards

General Anatomy (Doc Pau) Flashcards

1
Q

Transverse plane is also known as?

A

Horizontal Plane

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2
Q

part of tongue that is common to have squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Lateral part of tongue, posterior 1/3rd and ventral part of tongue

Dorsal of tongue; Papilla

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3
Q

Your heart is ___ to your lungs

Medial or Lateral?

A

Medial

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4
Q

Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity communicates in

Hiatus or Foramen Magnum?

A

HIATUS

Cranial & Spinal cavity communicates in: Foramen Magnum

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5
Q

the largest foramen of the head and neck

A

Foramen Magnum

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6
Q

The largest foramen in the body

A

Obturator Foramen
- loc. pelvic bone

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7
Q

most commonly fractured bone during CPR

A

Xiphoid process

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8
Q

Sternal angle is located between thoracic #

A

4 and 5

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9
Q

bifurcation of trachea is called

A

Carina
- katapat ng sternal angle/angle of Louis

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10
Q

Major muscle of breathing, dome shaped skeletal muscle, innervated by Phrenic nerve composed of Cervical spinal nerves 3-C4-C5, Inhalation and inspiration

A

DIAPHRAGM

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11
Q

C1-C2-C3 that innervates hyoid muscles is called?

A

Ansa Cervicalis

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12
Q

basic/functional unit of life

A

Cells

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13
Q

Cells control center

A

Nucleus

center of nucleus: Nucleolus: RNA + Chon - important for ribosome formation

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14
Q

Nuclear sap appears ____ stain on microscope

A

Light Stain

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15
Q

Cytoplasm is the space where organelles are located, _____ is the liquid in the cytoplasm

A

Cytosol

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16
Q

folds in the mitochondria called as?

A

Cristae

Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus contains folds called: CISTERNAE

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17
Q

Protein factory of the cell

A

Ribosome

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18
Q

Shipping department of the cell, Modify, packages, distribute molecules.

A

Golgi Apparatus

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19
Q

Responsible for lipid synthesis

A

Smooth ER

Rough ER - CHON synthesis

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20
Q

Storage of molecules

A

Vacuole

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21
Q

Peroxisomes encharge for Detoxification it is high amount in

A

Liver, Kidney, Large intestine

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22
Q

Digestive system of the cell

A

Lysosome
- in Sweat, tears, saliva

enzyme called: Lysozyme

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23
Q

Boundary of the cell, selective permeable phospholipid bilayer

A

Cell Membrane

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24
Q

3 essential Fatty Acid

A

ARAchidonic acid
LINOleic acid
LINOlenic acid

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25
Q

Largest RNA

A

mRNA

Most abundant - rRNA
Smallest - tRNA

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26
Q

Primary enzyme for replication

A

DNA Polymerase

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27
Q

Primary enzyme for transcription

A

RNA Polymerase

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28
Q

Connects the okazaki fragments formed

A

DNA Ligase

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29
Q

Process in which DNA serves as template for the assembly of molecules of RNA

A

Transcription

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30
Q

Disorder of purine metabolism

A

GOUT / Gouty arthritis

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31
Q

Phases of Cell Cycle

A

*Interphase - Longest Phase
*Mitosis - Shortest Phase

Interphase:
G1 - Organelles, CHON, RNA
S - DNA synthesis
G2 - ATP
G0 - no cell cycle

after G2:
Phases of Mitosis - P M A T

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32
Q

Mitosis:
P M A T

A

Prophase - Dissolution of nucleus
Metaphase - Chromosome midalignment
Anaphase - Separation of Sister Chromatids
Telophase - Actual splitting “Cytokinesis”

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33
Q

2 Division, happens only in sex cells, Haploid (n) - 23 in numbers

A

MEIOSIS

Mitosis: 1 Division, All somatic cells, Diploid (2n) - 23 Pairs

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34
Q

out of 23 = 22 pairs is called

A

AUTOSOMES

1 Pair is called Sex Chromosomes
Female = XX
Male = XY

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35
Q

Male with barr body XXY

A

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

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36
Q

Macrophage in liver

A

Kupffer cell

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37
Q

function of bone marrow

A

Hematopoeisis
- blood cell formation

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38
Q

B-cell matures in?

A

Bone Marrow

T-Cell matures in Thymus Gland

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39
Q

Function of B-Cell

A

Humoral Immunity

Function of T-Cell - Cell-mediated immunity

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40
Q

antibodies came from what cell?

A

Plasma cell

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41
Q

richest source of histamine

A

Mast Cell

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42
Q

Macrophage in brain

A

Microglia

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43
Q

MYELIN SHEATH IN CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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44
Q

MYELIN SHEATH IN PNS

A

SHWANN CELL

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45
Q

cell that produce testosterone

A

Leydig cells

Testosterone - most potent androgen in the body esp. male.

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46
Q

Hormone that stimulates Leydig cells

A

luteinizing hormone

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47
Q

cells that produces testicular fluid

A

Sertoli cells

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48
Q

hormone that stimulate sertoli cells

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

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49
Q

Macrophage of the skin

A

Langerhans cell

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50
Q

Langhans cell is seen in what disease

A

Tubercolosis

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51
Q

Goblet cell is seen in

A

Respiratory and GI epithelium

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52
Q

ISLETS OF LANGERHANS IS SEEN IN

A

PANCREAS

Glucagon - Alpha, Beta - Insulin: decreases glucose, best administered through subcutaneous admin., best site abdomen

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53
Q

Fructose is a

A

Ketose

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54
Q

Most cariogenic sugar

A

Sucrose

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55
Q

Basic unit of protein

A

Amino Acid

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56
Q

Start codon

A

AUG/Methionine

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57
Q

Histamine came from

A

Histidine

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58
Q

Serotonin, Melatonin came from

A

Tryptophan

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59
Q

deficiency in enzyme tyrosinase, no color of skin

A

Albinism

Phenylalanine -> Tyrosine -> Melanin and Dopamine: nE, Epi

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60
Q

Basic unit of Fat

A

Fatty Acid
3 essentials: Arachidonic, Linoleic acid, Linolenic acid.

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61
Q

most abundant cell in connective tissue, PDL, pulp

A

Fibroblasts

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62
Q

most abundant protein in the body

A

Collagen

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63
Q

Basic unit of collagen

A

Tropocollagen

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64
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma metastasize by means of?

A

Lymphatic system

Sarcoma = Blood vessel

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65
Q

disease which has increase in Acid phosphatase

A

Prostate Cancer

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66
Q

Part of cigarette that causes mutation

A

Benzpyrene

Nicotine - Addiction

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67
Q

absence of enzyme hexosaminidase is a disease called

A

Tay-sach’s disease
- Macula - cherry red
- Neurodegenarative dis
- onion skin lysosome

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68
Q

Sickle cell anemia is a form of _____ mutation

A

Missense.

*Hair on end effect

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69
Q

most common cause of genetic mental retardation, most common chromosomal disorder, high risk for increase maternal age. High risk for Perio than dental caries. MO: Prevotella Intermedia.
Pathognomonic sign: Simian Crease

A

Down’s Syndrome “Trisomy 21”

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70
Q

Chromosome with XXY, testicular and penile atrophy, gynecomastia.

A

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

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71
Q

deletion of short arm of chromosome 5

A

Cri-Du-Chat syndrome

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72
Q

defect in fibrillin-1, funnel chest “Pectus Excavatum”

A

Marfan’s Syndrome

“Pectus Carinatum” = Ricketts = decrease in vitamin D

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73
Q

most common cause of cushing’s syndrome

A

Prolonged use of corticosteroid therapy

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74
Q

prolonged use of corticosteroid can lead to

A

osteoporosis
- inhibits osteoblasts

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75
Q

drug used to reduced motion sickness and sign and symptoms of vertigo

A

Meclizine / Bonamine

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76
Q

autograft that has High osteogenic potential

A

autocanellous graft

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77
Q

functional unit of bone

A

Osteon “Haversian System”

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78
Q

osteon matrix is called

A

Lamellae
- collagen, hydroxyapatite crystals

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79
Q

Location of Osteocytes

A

Lacunae/Lacuna

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80
Q

Terminal End of PDL fibers

A

Sharpey’s Fibers

81
Q

function of osteocyte

A

Maintenance

82
Q

cancellous bone in the flat bone is called?

A

Diploe

83
Q

there are __ skull bones

A

22

83
Q

Cervical vertebrae 1 is called

A

Atlas

C2 - Axis

83
Q

external occipital protuberance

A

attachment of trapezius muscle

84
Q

Bat shaped bone/Butterfly/Wasp, most complex bone in the body

A

Sphenoid Bone

85
Q

Foramen rotundum is ____ than foramen ovale

a. Ant, Medial
b. Post, lateral
c. Sup. medial
d. Inf. Medial

A

A.

86
Q

Attachment of tensor veli palatini

A

Hamulus / Medial pterygoid process

87
Q

Tensor veli palatini is a muscle of the soft palate and it is the ONLY muscle of the soft palate that innervates by Cranial V_?

A

3

88
Q

Origin of pterygoids muscle:

A

Lateral pterygoid process

Int / Medial
Ext / Lateral

89
Q

Walnut shaped bone

A

Ethmoid bone
- CRIsta galli : anterior attachment of falx cerebri
- CRIbriform plate : Exit of CN1

90
Q

EXIT OF CN1

A

Cribriform plate of Ethmoid Bone

91
Q

intersphenoidal synchondrosis ossify at

A

Birth

92
Q

Frankfort horizontal is from your?

A

Porion to orbitale

93
Q

Sutural dominance theory came from

A

Sicher

94
Q

Pterion and asterion closes approx. _ to _ Months

A

1-2

95
Q

Lambda closes approx _ Months

A

2

96
Q

Bregma closes approx __ to __ months

A

12 - 24 / 18 months

97
Q

Largest arterial supply of meninges

A

Middle meningeal artery

98
Q

part of mandible that attaches to temporalis muscle

A

Coronoid process

99
Q

part of mandible that is most commonly fractured when sudden contraction of temporalis muscle

A

coronoid process of the mandible

100
Q

largest muscle of mastication

A

Temporalis

101
Q

largest of all vertebrae

A

Lumbar
-carries weight
- Lordosis

102
Q

heart shaped vertebrae, common to have kyphosis, scoliosis, osteoporosis

A

Thoracic vert.

103
Q

Pairs of true ribs?

A

7

FALSE: 7 pairs, Floating: 2 Pair

104
Q

total number of true ribs

A

14

105
Q

the most commonly fractured bone in the body

A

TibiA

106
Q

strongest/longest bone in the body

A

Femur

107
Q

location of nucleus of skeletal muscle

A

Periphery

108
Q

basic unit of skeletal muscle

A

Sarcomere

109
Q

boundary of sarcomere, attachment of actin

A

z disk

110
Q

muscle that maintains wide airway

A

POSTERIOR CRICOARYTENOID MUSCLE
(Abduct)

111
Q

main extensor nerve

A

Radial nerve

112
Q

main extensor of the hip

A

Gluteus Maximus

113
Q

main bulk of thigh

A

Quadriceps Femoris

114
Q

Longest muscle

A

Sartorius

115
Q

hip adductors : ____ compartment

A

Medial compartment

116
Q

toe dancer muscle

A

Gastrocnemius

117
Q

Probenecid enhances the effect of _____, leading to overdose of the patient.

A

Penicillin

118
Q

most common type of osteoporosis

A

Senile osteoporosis

119
Q

brittle bone disease, impairment of collagen 1 synthesis, BLUE SCLERA

A

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

120
Q

radiographic appearance of EARLY paget’s disease

A

Groundglass appearance

121
Q

radiographic appearance of Paget’s disease

A

Cottonwool appearane

122
Q

Pigeons chest “Pectus carinatum” vit D deficiency in children

A

Ricketts

ADULT: Osteomalacia “soft bone”

123
Q

Pectus excavatum

A

Marfan syndrome

124
Q

Porous Bone:
Soft bone:
Too much bone:
Brittle bone:

A

Osteoporosis
Osteomalacia
Osteopetrosis
Osteogenesis imperfecta

125
Q

spreading factor of streptococcal infection

A

Hyaluronidase

126
Q

monroe’s abscess is seen in what disease

A

Psoriasis

127
Q

brodie’s abscess, inflammatory response affecting bone marrow cavity

A

Osteomyelitis

128
Q

most common primary malignant bone tumor

A

Osteosarcoma

129
Q

most common degenerative bone disease

A

Osteoarthritis
- wear and tear
- elderly

130
Q

disorder of purine metabolism bone disease

A

Gouty arthritis
- common in male
- Big toe “PODAGRA”

131
Q

autoimmune bone disorder, common in female, symmetrical.

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

132
Q

basic unit of bone?

A

Osteon / Haversian system

133
Q

basic unit of skeletal muscle

A

Sarcomere

134
Q

basic unit of nervous system

A

Neuron

135
Q

macrophage of CNS

A

Microglia

136
Q

Jumping of action potential

A

Saltatory conduction

no myelin sheath - continuous conduction

137
Q

most dangerous part of the scalp

A

Loose areolar tissue -> Thrombophlebitis

138
Q

main scalp proper are?

A

Skin, Connective tissue, Aponeurosis

139
Q

Periosteum of cranium

A

Pericranium

140
Q

thalamus can be seen in what part of the brain?

A

Diencephalon

141
Q

Largest and the most superior part of the brain

A

Cerebrum

142
Q

Connects the left and right side of the brain

A

Corpus callosum
- white matter - medulla

143
Q

part of brain that is affected
by parkinsons disease

A

Substantia nigra

144
Q

Sensory impulse relay station except sense of Smell

A

Thalamus

145
Q

autonomic nervous system center, regulates: pituitary gland, libido, appetite, temperature, emotion.

A

Hypothalamus

146
Q

encharge for circadian rhythm

A

Melatonin

147
Q

Releases cerebrospinal fluid

A

Chroid Plexus

148
Q

Emotional Brain

A

Limbic System

149
Q

the heart of the brain

A

Midbrain

150
Q

Respiratory Center of the brain

A

Pons

  • respiration happens intracellular
151
Q

Medulla oblongata - incharge for breathing
Neurons of breathing is called

A

Botzinger Complex

152
Q

Most vital part of the brain

A

Medulla Oblongata

153
Q

part of the brain, area of spinal deccusation

A

Medulla Oblongata

154
Q

coordination and balance/equilibrium, little brain.

A

Cerebellum

155
Q

part of spinal that is affected by polio virus

Anterior or Posterior?

A

Anterior

156
Q

1st ever discovered neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine
- Autonomic NS, Learning, Muscle contraction

157
Q

reward, pleasure hormone

A

Dopamine

158
Q

decrease dopamine =

A

Parkinson’s disease

Increase Dopamine - Schizophrenia

159
Q

natural analgesic, natural opioids

A

Endorphins

160
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitter, inhibits consciousness, calming.

A

GABA

161
Q

Value of resting membrane potential

A

-70 to -90 mV

162
Q

main extensor nerve

A

Radial nerve

163
Q

longest and largest nerve in the body, longest spinal nerve

A

Sciatic nerve

164
Q

Largest cranial nerve

A

Trigeminal nerve

165
Q

longest cranial nerve in the body

A

Vagus nerve

166
Q

Longest cranial nerve in the head and neck area, smallest cranial nerve

A

Trochlear nerve

167
Q

4 cranial nerves that has PNS

A

3, 7, 9, 10.

168
Q

smallest muscle innervated by CN 7

A

Stapedius muscle

169
Q

smallest bone in the body

A

Stapes

170
Q

this is where gas exchange happens

Respiratory Zone or Conducting zone?

A

Respiratory Zone

171
Q

Main site of gas exchange

A

Alveoli
- simple squamous epithelium

172
Q

all paranasal sinus is innervated by

A

CN V

173
Q

all paranasal sinus lining is

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

174
Q

Conchae is lined by

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

175
Q

mouth breathing is associated with?

A

Long face syndrome

176
Q

muscles of the larynx is innervated by recurrent laryngeal nerve except?

A

Cricothyroid muscle
- external laryngeal nerve

177
Q

Recurrent laryngeal nerve and external laryngeal nerve are both branches of?

CN?

A

10

178
Q

the area of emergency tracheostomy

A

Cricothyroid Ligament

179
Q

part of bronchi that has no glands, no cartilages

A

Bronchioles

180
Q

composed/areas of respiratory zone, gas exchange zone: Respi. Bronchioles, Alveolar ducts, ALveoli

A

ACINUS

181
Q

Secretes glycosaminoglycans to protect bronchiole linings

A

CLARA CELLS

182
Q

Macrophage of the lungs

A

Dust cells

183
Q

Lobes of right lungs

A

3

184
Q

most vital part of the brain

A

Medulla oblongata

185
Q

the byproduct of streptococcus mutans and anaerobic metabolism

A

Lactic Acid

186
Q

consolidation of lung tissues, most common cause: infection.

A

Pneumonia

187
Q

Smallest bacteria, atypical pneumonia

A

Mycoplasma

188
Q

most common malignant tumor of nasopharynx

A

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

EBV - HSV4

189
Q

DOC for acute asthamtic attack

A

Albuterol

190
Q

Primary organ for urinary system

A

Kidney

191
Q

definitive adult kidney

A

Metanephros

192
Q

Functional unit of urinary system

A

Nephrons

193
Q

approx. ___ nephron in each kidney

A

1Million

194
Q

tuft/network of capillaries

A

Glomerulus

195
Q

what is the most potent vasoconstrictor used in dentistry?

A

Epinephrine

196
Q
A

DMD (24 decks)

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