Respiratory System! Flashcards
Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs is a part of?
Upper or Lower Respiratory tract?
Lower Respi. T.
Sphenoidal sinus, Frontal sinus, Nasal cavity, Pharynx is part of?
Upper Respiratory Tract.
Functional components of Respiratory system consist of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli is a portion of?
Respiratory Portion
while Nasal Cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles are Conducting Portion.
3 bones that make up the nasal septum
Vomer, Ethmoid bone and septal cartilage.
slit like openings between each conchae where air is swirled, warmed, or humidified. Communication between nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal duct.
Meatus
opening for the anterior ethmoidal, frontal and maxillary sinus.
Hiatus Semilunaris
epithelium that allows the movement of fluid, mucous, air.
Ciliated Epithelium
Inflammatory process of the sinus due to obstruction of drainage orifices, may persist for a long period of time.
Sinusitis
Inherited condition with defective ciliary action, also known as primary ciliary dyskinesia.
Kartagener Syndrome
Opening of the olfactory nerve
Cribriform Plate.
Pathway between nasal cavity and incisive fossa of the oral cavity
Incisive Canal
the respiratory region is lined by?
interspersed with mucus-secreting goblet cells.
Ciliated Pseudostratified Epithelium
the nerve in the nasal cavity that branches out from the olfactory bulb and tract on the ethmoid bone and functions for smell
Olfactory Nerve
the nerve in the nasal cavity that is general sensory to the nasal septum, nasal conchae
Nasopalatine Nerve (Maxillary Nerve)
nerve of the external skin of the nose
Nasociliary Nerve (Opthalmic Nerve)
Loss or reduction of ability to smell
ANOSMIA
- caused by traumatic damage to the ethmoid bone severing olfactory neurons.
Most abundant respiratory epithelium cells
Ciliated columnar Cells
Mucus producing cells of the respiratory.
Goblet cells
Chemosensory receptor resembling gustatory (taste) cells
Brush Cells
Stem cells that give rise to other cell types
Basal Cells
Anastomoses of five arteries supplying blood to the anterior nasal septum
Kiesselbach Plexus
-formed in an area called “Little’s Area” or Kiesselbach’s area or Kiesselbach’s Triangle
nosebleed due to the rich blood supply at the kiessalbach’s area, caused by truma (local) and hypertension (systemic)
Epistaxis
First part of the pharynx
Nasopharynx
Also known as the voice box. Functions to protect the lower respiratory tract through the cough reflex.
Larynx
- important for Phonation/Sound production
Larynx is located in the ____ compartment of the neck
Anterior or Posterior?
Anterior
Larynx is innervated by
Vagus Nerve
Contains vocal chords (center)
Glottis
True vocal cords
VOCAL FOLDS
- supported by elastic connective tissue vocal ligament
-covered with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium -> protects mucosa from rapid air movement
Rima glottis
- space between vocal cords
False vocal cords
Vestibular Folds
-immovable folds
-covered with respiratory epithelium
Rima vestibuli
- space between vestibular fold
Inflammation of the larynx due to viral infection.
Accompanied by edema or swelling of lamina propria
Laryngitis
Syndrome in young children similar symptoms to laryngitis but with cough
Croup
Thyroid, Cricoid, superior arytenoid are what type of cartilage?
Hyaline Cartilage
Corniculate cartilage, cuneiform cartilage, Epiglottis is what type of cartilage?
Elastic cartilage
Origin: Styloid process
Insertion: Posterior and superior borders of thyroid cartilage
Action: Elevate the larynx
Nerve Innervation: Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)
Stylopharyngeus
Geniohyoid is innervated by
C1 Cervical Plexus
Anterior digastric is innervated by
CN V
Posterior digastric is innervated by
CN VII
Mylohyoid is innervated by
CN V
Stylohyoid is innervated by
CN VII
Infrahyoid muscles depresses the larynx and innervated by ansa cervicalis except for
Thyrohyoid
- CI vis CN XII
only intrinsic laryngeal muscle that is innervated by superior laryngeal nerve of external branch of CN X
Cricothyroid muscle
- main tensors of the vocal cords.
the only unpaired muscle of adductors of arytenoid cartilages
A. Transverse Arytenoid Muscle
B. Oblique Arytenoid Muscle
A.
does not adducts the cricoarytenoid muscles, vocal cords.
Posterior Cricoarytenoid
(only abductor of the vocal cords)
*read 7x
Primary relaxers of the vocal cords
Thyroarytenoid
C-shaped rings made of hyaline cartilage
Trachea
-anterior to the esophagus
Point of bifurcation of the trachea made of cartilaginous ring
CARINA
what level is the isthmus of thyroid gland relative to trachea
2nd - 3rd ring
base of the trachea and the beginning of the bifurcation is called?
Carina
relaxes to facilitate passage of food by allowing the esophagus to bulge into the lumen of the trachea
Swallowing
Consists of respiratory epithelium, smooth muscle + hyaline cartilage
Bronchi
inflammation of the bronchi, result in the thickening of the smooth muscle and excessive mucus production
Bronchitis
enters a pulmonary lobule, simple ciliated columnar to cuboidal, smooth muscle, no more cartilage, exocrine club cells
Bronchioles
- important in bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation
Chronic inflammation of the bronchial three. Characterized by sudden constrictions of the smooth muscle called bronchospasms.
Asthma
Exocrine cells that lines bronchioles, previously called Clara cells
CLUB CELLS
Secretes surfactant in the bronchioles
Club cells
Secretes surfactant in alveoli
Type II pneumocytes
Distal ends of respiratory bronchioles completely lined by alveoli and simple cuboidal cells
Alveolar Ducts
Ends of alveolar ducts that form large clusters of alveoli
Alveolar Sacs
Increase in size of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles with a concomitant destruction of lung tissue
EMPHYSEMA
- Most common chronic disease of the lungs
- “Pink Puffers”
Saclike evaginations responsible for the spongy structure of the lungs
Alveoli
Alveolar Macrophages
Phagocytose erythrocytes from damaged capillaries and air-borne particulate matter
DUST CELLS
serous membrane that lines the pleural cavities (cavity that contain the lungs)
PLEURA
pleura that lines the pleural cavites
Parietal Pleura
Pleura that lines the lungs, continuous at the root of the lung.
Visceral Pleura
Areas of space between reflected areas of pleura
Pleural Recesses
entrance and exit for air tubes and blood vessels
HILUM
Blood supply of the lungs
Bronchial Artery
innervation of the lungs
Pulmonary Nerve plexus
Parasympathetic division from CN X (Vagus). Bronchoconstrictors
Sympathetic division from 2nd, 3rd, 4th sympathetic ganglia. Bronchodilators.
Parts of the diaphragm that arise from the vertebrae
CRURA
Esophageal hiatus is located in what Thoracic vertebra
T10
Aortic hiatus is located in what thoracic vertebra
T12
Caval hiatus is located in what thoracic vertebra
T8
what is the blood supply of the diaphragm
Superior or Inferior Phrenic artery?
Inferior Phrenic Artery
Innervation of diaphragm?
Phrenic Nerves
Main muscle involved in inspiration, moves inferiorly upon contraction and superiorly upon relaxation
Diaphragm
how many pairs of external intercostal muscles do you have?
11 Pairs
- run downward and forward (inferioranteriorly) from the rib above to the rib below
what is the directions of external intercostals run?
Downward and Forward
Direction of internal intercostals
Downward and Backward (inferoposteriorly)
the volume of inspired and expired air per time unit
Pulmonary Ventilation
space in the airways where there is no exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and pulmonary capillary blood.
Dead space
Volume of conducting zone of the airways
Normal Value = 150ml
Anatomic Dead Space
Anatomical dead space + alveolar dead space is called
Total/Physiologic dead space
State wherein an increase in alveolar ventilation exceeds the metabolic requirements of the body.
Hyperventilation
- decrease in carbon dioxide partial pressure and increase in oxygen partial pressure
State wherein there is decrease in alveolar ventilation insufficient for the metabolic requirements of the body
Hypoventilation
-increase in carbon dioxide partial pressure and decrease in oxygen partial pressure
- causes respiratory acidosis
Air that enters lungs with each inspiration
TIDAL VOLUME
Air inspired with a maximal inspiration effort in excess to normal inspiratory volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
Air expired by an active expirational effort afte quiet passive expiration
Expiratory reserve volume
air left in the lungs after maximal expiration
Residual Volume
maximum volume of air that can be inspired after reaching the end of a normal, passive exhalation
Inspirational capacity
Volume remaining in the lungs after a normal, passive exhalation
Functional residual capacity
Maximum volume of air that can be expired following maximum inspiration
Vital capacity
Entire gas volume of the lungs of the maximally spontaneous inflated pulmonary parenchyma and airways
Total Lung capacity
