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DMD > Respiratory System! > Flashcards

Respiratory System! Flashcards

1
Q

Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs is a part of?

Upper or Lower Respiratory tract?

A

Lower Respi. T.

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2
Q

Sphenoidal sinus, Frontal sinus, Nasal cavity, Pharynx is part of?

A

Upper Respiratory Tract.

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3
Q

Functional components of Respiratory system consist of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli is a portion of?

A

Respiratory Portion

while Nasal Cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles are Conducting Portion.

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4
Q

3 bones that make up the nasal septum

A

Vomer, Ethmoid bone and septal cartilage.

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5
Q

slit like openings between each conchae where air is swirled, warmed, or humidified. Communication between nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal duct.

A

Meatus

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6
Q

opening for the anterior ethmoidal, frontal and maxillary sinus.

A

Hiatus Semilunaris

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7
Q

epithelium that allows the movement of fluid, mucous, air.

A

Ciliated Epithelium

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8
Q

Inflammatory process of the sinus due to obstruction of drainage orifices, may persist for a long period of time.

A

Sinusitis

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9
Q

Inherited condition with defective ciliary action, also known as primary ciliary dyskinesia.

A

Kartagener Syndrome

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10
Q

Opening of the olfactory nerve

A

Cribriform Plate.

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11
Q

Pathway between nasal cavity and incisive fossa of the oral cavity

A

Incisive Canal

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12
Q

the respiratory region is lined by?
interspersed with mucus-secreting goblet cells.

A

Ciliated Pseudostratified Epithelium

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13
Q

the nerve in the nasal cavity that branches out from the olfactory bulb and tract on the ethmoid bone and functions for smell

A

Olfactory Nerve

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14
Q

the nerve in the nasal cavity that is general sensory to the nasal septum, nasal conchae

A

Nasopalatine Nerve (Maxillary Nerve)

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15
Q

nerve of the external skin of the nose

A

Nasociliary Nerve (Opthalmic Nerve)

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16
Q

Loss or reduction of ability to smell

A

ANOSMIA
- caused by traumatic damage to the ethmoid bone severing olfactory neurons.

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17
Q

Most abundant respiratory epithelium cells

A

Ciliated columnar Cells

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18
Q

Mucus producing cells of the respiratory.

A

Goblet cells

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19
Q

Chemosensory receptor resembling gustatory (taste) cells

A

Brush Cells

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20
Q

Stem cells that give rise to other cell types

A

Basal Cells

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21
Q

Anastomoses of five arteries supplying blood to the anterior nasal septum

A

Kiesselbach Plexus
-formed in an area called “Little’s Area” or Kiesselbach’s area or Kiesselbach’s Triangle

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22
Q

nosebleed due to the rich blood supply at the kiessalbach’s area, caused by truma (local) and hypertension (systemic)

A

Epistaxis

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23
Q

First part of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx

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24
Q

Also known as the voice box. Functions to protect the lower respiratory tract through the cough reflex.

A

Larynx
- important for Phonation/Sound production

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25
Q

Larynx is located in the ____ compartment of the neck

Anterior or Posterior?

A

Anterior

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26
Q

Larynx is innervated by

A

Vagus Nerve

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27
Q

Contains vocal chords (center)

A

Glottis

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28
Q

True vocal cords

A

VOCAL FOLDS
- supported by elastic connective tissue vocal ligament
-covered with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium -> protects mucosa from rapid air movement

Rima glottis
- space between vocal cords

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29
Q

False vocal cords

A

Vestibular Folds
-immovable folds
-covered with respiratory epithelium

Rima vestibuli
- space between vestibular fold

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30
Q

Inflammation of the larynx due to viral infection.
Accompanied by edema or swelling of lamina propria

A

Laryngitis

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31
Q

Syndrome in young children similar symptoms to laryngitis but with cough

A

Croup

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32
Q

Thyroid, Cricoid, superior arytenoid are what type of cartilage?

A

Hyaline Cartilage

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33
Q

Corniculate cartilage, cuneiform cartilage, Epiglottis is what type of cartilage?

A

Elastic cartilage

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34
Q

Origin: Styloid process
Insertion: Posterior and superior borders of thyroid cartilage
Action: Elevate the larynx
Nerve Innervation: Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)

A

Stylopharyngeus

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35
Q

Geniohyoid is innervated by

A

C1 Cervical Plexus

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36
Q

Anterior digastric is innervated by

A

CN V

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37
Q

Posterior digastric is innervated by

A

CN VII

38
Q

Mylohyoid is innervated by

A

CN V

39
Q

Stylohyoid is innervated by

A

CN VII

40
Q

Infrahyoid muscles depresses the larynx and innervated by ansa cervicalis except for

A

Thyrohyoid
- CI vis CN XII

41
Q

only intrinsic laryngeal muscle that is innervated by superior laryngeal nerve of external branch of CN X

A

Cricothyroid muscle
- main tensors of the vocal cords.

42
Q

the only unpaired muscle of adductors of arytenoid cartilages

A. Transverse Arytenoid Muscle
B. Oblique Arytenoid Muscle

A

A.

43
Q

does not adducts the cricoarytenoid muscles, vocal cords.

A

Posterior Cricoarytenoid
(only abductor of the vocal cords)

*read 7x

44
Q

Primary relaxers of the vocal cords

A

Thyroarytenoid

45
Q

C-shaped rings made of hyaline cartilage

A

Trachea
-anterior to the esophagus

46
Q

Point of bifurcation of the trachea made of cartilaginous ring

A

CARINA

47
Q

what level is the isthmus of thyroid gland relative to trachea

A

2nd - 3rd ring

48
Q

base of the trachea and the beginning of the bifurcation is called?

A

Carina

49
Q

relaxes to facilitate passage of food by allowing the esophagus to bulge into the lumen of the trachea

A

Swallowing

50
Q

Consists of respiratory epithelium, smooth muscle + hyaline cartilage

A

Bronchi

51
Q

inflammation of the bronchi, result in the thickening of the smooth muscle and excessive mucus production

A

Bronchitis

52
Q

enters a pulmonary lobule, simple ciliated columnar to cuboidal, smooth muscle, no more cartilage, exocrine club cells

A

Bronchioles
- important in bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation

53
Q

Chronic inflammation of the bronchial three. Characterized by sudden constrictions of the smooth muscle called bronchospasms.

A

Asthma

54
Q

Exocrine cells that lines bronchioles, previously called Clara cells

A

CLUB CELLS

55
Q

Secretes surfactant in the bronchioles

A

Club cells

56
Q

Secretes surfactant in alveoli

A

Type II pneumocytes

57
Q

Distal ends of respiratory bronchioles completely lined by alveoli and simple cuboidal cells

A

Alveolar Ducts

58
Q

Ends of alveolar ducts that form large clusters of alveoli

A

Alveolar Sacs

59
Q

Increase in size of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles with a concomitant destruction of lung tissue

A

EMPHYSEMA
- Most common chronic disease of the lungs
- “Pink Puffers”

60
Q

Saclike evaginations responsible for the spongy structure of the lungs

A

Alveoli

61
Q

Alveolar Macrophages
Phagocytose erythrocytes from damaged capillaries and air-borne particulate matter

A

DUST CELLS

62
Q

serous membrane that lines the pleural cavities (cavity that contain the lungs)

A

PLEURA

63
Q

pleura that lines the pleural cavites

A

Parietal Pleura

64
Q

Pleura that lines the lungs, continuous at the root of the lung.

A

Visceral Pleura

65
Q

Areas of space between reflected areas of pleura

A

Pleural Recesses

66
Q

entrance and exit for air tubes and blood vessels

A

HILUM

67
Q

Blood supply of the lungs

A

Bronchial Artery

68
Q

innervation of the lungs

A

Pulmonary Nerve plexus

Parasympathetic division from CN X (Vagus). Bronchoconstrictors

Sympathetic division from 2nd, 3rd, 4th sympathetic ganglia. Bronchodilators.

69
Q

Parts of the diaphragm that arise from the vertebrae

A

CRURA

70
Q

Esophageal hiatus is located in what Thoracic vertebra

A

T10

71
Q

Aortic hiatus is located in what thoracic vertebra

A

T12

72
Q

Caval hiatus is located in what thoracic vertebra

A

T8

73
Q

what is the blood supply of the diaphragm

Superior or Inferior Phrenic artery?

A

Inferior Phrenic Artery

74
Q

Innervation of diaphragm?

A

Phrenic Nerves

75
Q

Main muscle involved in inspiration, moves inferiorly upon contraction and superiorly upon relaxation

A

Diaphragm

76
Q

how many pairs of external intercostal muscles do you have?

A

11 Pairs

  • run downward and forward (inferioranteriorly) from the rib above to the rib below
77
Q

what is the directions of external intercostals run?

A

Downward and Forward

78
Q

Direction of internal intercostals

A

Downward and Backward (inferoposteriorly)

79
Q

the volume of inspired and expired air per time unit

A

Pulmonary Ventilation

80
Q

space in the airways where there is no exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and pulmonary capillary blood.

A

Dead space

81
Q

Volume of conducting zone of the airways
Normal Value = 150ml

A

Anatomic Dead Space

82
Q

Anatomical dead space + alveolar dead space is called

A

Total/Physiologic dead space

83
Q

State wherein an increase in alveolar ventilation exceeds the metabolic requirements of the body.

A

Hyperventilation
- decrease in carbon dioxide partial pressure and increase in oxygen partial pressure

84
Q

State wherein there is decrease in alveolar ventilation insufficient for the metabolic requirements of the body

A

Hypoventilation
-increase in carbon dioxide partial pressure and decrease in oxygen partial pressure
- causes respiratory acidosis

85
Q

Air that enters lungs with each inspiration

A

TIDAL VOLUME

86
Q

Air inspired with a maximal inspiration effort in excess to normal inspiratory volume

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

87
Q

Air expired by an active expirational effort afte quiet passive expiration

A

Expiratory reserve volume

88
Q

air left in the lungs after maximal expiration

A

Residual Volume

89
Q

maximum volume of air that can be inspired after reaching the end of a normal, passive exhalation

A

Inspirational capacity

90
Q

Volume remaining in the lungs after a normal, passive exhalation

A

Functional residual capacity

91
Q

Maximum volume of air that can be expired following maximum inspiration

A

Vital capacity

92
Q

Entire gas volume of the lungs of the maximally spontaneous inflated pulmonary parenchyma and airways

A

Total Lung capacity

DMD (24 decks)

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