Roentgenology Flashcards
1
Q
Discovered xray
A
Wilhelm Roentgen
2
Q
Father of dental radiology
A
Edmund kells
3
Q
First dental radiograph
A
Otto walkhoff
4
Q
First dental xray unit
A
William rollins
5
Q
Process by which certain unstable atoms/elements undergo spontaneous disintegration or decay in an effort to attain a more balanced nuclear state
A
Radioactivity
6
Q
Use of ionizing radiation to produce a recorded image or photosensitive material
A
Radiography
7
Q
Process of making atom an ION
A
Inonization
8
Q
Emission of energy through space or a substance in the form of waves/particles
A
Radiation
9
Q
fundamental unit of matter
A
Atom
10
Q
attraction of electron to nucleus
A
Electrostatic force / Binding energy
11
Q
electron that has high binding energy
A
K Shell
12
Q
Electron that has low binding energy
A
Q Shell
13
Q
High energy electromagnetic photons emitted from inside of nucleus
A
Gamma
14
Q
High energy electromagnetic photons emitted from Outside of nucleus
A
Xrays
15
Q
Distance between crest/peak of 1 wave to another
A
Wavelength
16
Q
number of wavelength that pass a given patient in certain amount.
A
Frequency
17
Q
Filters longer wavelength
A
ALUMINUM DISK
18
Q
99% of your byproduct in your xray production is?
A
HEAT
19
Q
component of xray machine that absorbs heat
A
Insulating oil
20
Q
Restricts size, shape of xray
A
Lead collimator
21
Q
Alters the voltage of electricity
A
Transformer
22
Q
Controls voltage to filament
A
Step down transformer
23
Q
Low voltage or step down transformer is controlled by
A
Milliamperage
24
Q
Increase potential between cathode-anode
A
Step up transformer
25
Accelerate electrons and generate xrays in the xray tube
High voltage
26
High voltage or step up transformer is controlled by
kVp (kilovoltage peak)
27
dissipates heat during taking xray
Copper stem
28
Tungsten has a high atomic number, high melting point, high thermal conductivity because
It can withstand high amount of heat
29
Release of electrons when filaments are heated
Thermionic emission
30
Shape of an effective focal spot
RECTANGULAR
31
the smaller the focal spot size =
the sharper the image
32
Filters longer wavelength
Aluminum disk
33
Restricts the size, shape of xray
Lead collimator
34
Allows the exit of xray
Tubehead seal
35
Shape of collimator
RECTANGLE
36
also called general radiation, breaking radiation, it is the primary source of xray. Produced on sudden stopping/deceleration of high speed electron when they hit/close to target.
BREMSSTRAHLUNG
37
Produced when a high speed electron dislodges an inner shell electron
Characteristic Radiation
38
most common type of scatter radiation in dental xray, no scatter rad, has ionization.
Photoelectric.
39
Applied force to accelerate electron from cathode to anode
kVp
40
controls heating of filament
mA
41
Periapical size for Pedo
Intraoral sizes
0 (22x35)
42
Periapical size for all areas of adult
Intraoral size
2 (31x41mm)
43
film used for impacted tooth and presence of sialolithiasis
Occlusal radiograph
44
film used to detect interproximal caries
Bitewing radiograph
45
most important part of film
EMULSION
- because of silver halide crystals; forms image
46
the smaller the crystal size =
the sharper the image
"the slower the film, the smaller the crystals, the greater resolution"
47
most recommended fast films
letter: E/ekta speed
48
muscle of the floor of the mouth, what muscle should relax to get the radiograph of periapical xray of mandible.
Mylohyoid muscle
49
proper placement of paralleling technique in maxilla: Superior border at the?
Height of palatal vault.
50
Increased Object film distance is a result of
Magnification
51
Bisecting angle technique!
Angulation:
Incisor: Max: +40 Mand: -15
Canine: +45 , -20
PM: +30, -10
Molars: +20, -5
52
type of error Excessive angulation =
Foreshortened
53
type of error insufficient angulation =
Elongated
54
Most common type of error during xray
Elongation
55
Bitewing is used or to detect
Proximal Caries
56
Vertically oriented bitewing is used for the assessment of
Periodontitis
57
Same Lingual Opposite Buccal
Clark Shift
58
Downward Lingual Upward Buccal
Frank shift
59
Phosphor layer coat base which converts xray energy into visible light; decrease dose -> decreases image resolution -> decreases exposure time, intensify the light.
Intensifying screen
60
Highest point of skull
Vertex
61
View Used for sphenoid sinus, body of mandible, vertex and base of skull, fractures of zygomatic arch, palatal lesion.
Submentovertex View "Jughundle's View"
62
view used to assess frontal sinus
Caldwell view
63
extraoral view best to evaluate sinuses in general. also for mid face fracture, zygomatic fracture.
Water's view "Occipitomental Projection"
64
Evaluates growth and development of the face
Cephalometric "Lateral View"
65
Most table landmark/area from which to evaluate craniofacial growth
Anterior Cranial Base "Sella-Nasion Plane"
66
Most useful as diagnostic requiring broad coverage of the jaws.
Panoramic view
"Pantomography"
67
Best for the examinations of condyles and neck of the mandible
Towne's View
68
Identify fractures of the condylar neck and ramus, superimposition of mastoid process, OPEN Mouth
Reverse towne's view
69
Image upon exposure of xray
Latent image
70
image after processing of xray
radiographic image
71
Conversion of exposed silver halide crystals into metallic silver grain
Developing
72
developing composition that Softens the emulsion, accelerator, activator for developing, alkaline pH.
Sodium Carbonate
73
Slow reducing agent, Black tones.
Hydroquinone
74
Quick reducing agent, gray tones.
Elon
75
Dilutes the developer to slow/stop development process
RInsing
76
Removes undeveloped/unexposed silver halide crystals and hardens the film
Fixing
77
Preservative of developing, fixing and local anesthetic.
Sodium Sulfite
78
Composition of fixing solution that hardens emulsion
Potassium Alum
79
Ensure removal of all thiosulfate ions and silver thiosulfate complexes
Washing
80
Resists passage of xray, appears color white
Radiopaque
81
Allows passage of xray appears color black
Radiolucent
82
Least to most radiopaque
Sinus - bone - dentin - enamel - AMALGAM
Sinus - bone - dentin - enamel - AMALGAM is highly radiopaque
83
All composite are Radiopaque? True or false
False
- composite and calcium hydroxide is not always radiopaque.
84
a contaminated solution can be ____developed
Underdeveloped
85
a concentrated solution can be ____developed
Overdeveloped
86
errors: Insufficient angulation, appear too long
Elongation
87
errors: excessive angulation, appear too short
Foreshortening
88
Portion of film appear cleared w/ curved line, not aimed at the center.
Cone cutting.
89
Zigzagged patterns appear on the film, placed backward in mouth.
Herringbone
90
Part of cell that is sensitive to radiation
Nucleus or DNA
91
Papilla of the tongue that has no taste buds
Filiform papilla
92
Inflammation of oral mucosa
Mucositis
93
a condition in which bone has died due to radiation exposure, common in mandible because of less blood supply & common to take radiograph.
Osteoradionecrosis
94
ALARA principle meaning.
As low as reasonably achievable
95
white/yellow pseudomembrane
Desquamated epithelial layer
96
Radioresistant to radiosensitive
MUSCLE, THYROID GLAND, SKIN, SMALL LYMPHOCYTES
MUSCLE, THYROID GLAND, SKIN, SMALL LYMPHOCYTES
97
To do good is
Beneficence
98
Not to do harm is
Non-maleficence
99
ALARA
As low as reasonably achievable
100
the process that determines the quantity of radiation exposure or dose
Dosimetry
101
maximum permissible dose for occupational
0.05 sv/yr
102
maximum permissible dose for non occupational & occup. preg.
0.001 sv/yr
103
radiation quantity that measures the capacity/concentration of radiation to ionize the air
Exposure
104
Exposure to radiation is measured by
Roentgen (traditional unit)
105
Methods of personnel protection
Distance: _ ft. away
Position: __-___ degree angle to the beam
Shielding: Behind a protective barrier
6 ft
90-135 degree
106
the metal that is most resistant to penetration of ionizing radiation
Lead
- Lead apron (px protection)
107
the best kVp
60-80 kvp
108
Cross-sectional 3D-image for the assessment of BONY tissue
e.g TMJ, neck of condyle. etc
CT Scan
109
Assessment of the SOFT tissue using radiofrequency pulses & magnetic field
MRI
"Magnetic Resonance Imaging"
110
Radioactive iodine is given through IV with patient undergoing
CT Scan
111
Gadolinium is given through IV with patient undergoing
MRI
112
CBCT
Cone-beam computed tomography
(comfortable position: sitting position)
113
Assessment of areas of ACTIVE BONE METABOLISM, by injection of TECHNETIUM-99
Nuclear imaging
114
Image acquisition inaccurasies
Noise
115
Picture element, unit of information, smallest controllable element of a picture represented on the screen.
Pixel
116
Most commonly used digital imaging receptor, 1st image receptor used for intraoral imaging.
Charge-coupled device.
117
most useful radiograph for detecting caries/interproximal
Bitewing
118
Film size for children
0
119
Film size for adult
2
120
Cone at enamel and dentin with bases in contact with each. Most common caries, location.
Pit and Fissure
121
Cone with base at enamel & apex towards Pulp
Proximal Surface
122
Most common pattern for bone loss
Loss of height of alveolar bone with crest more apically placed from the CEJ
Horizontal bone loss or "Angular bone defect"
123
Best prognosis of vertical bone defect (Wall)
3 Wall
124
Worst prognosis of vertical bone defect (wall)
1 wall
125
Most common osseous/bone defect
2 wall "CRATER"
126
