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DMD > Roentgenology > Flashcards

Roentgenology Flashcards

1
Q

Discovered xray

A

Wilhelm Roentgen

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2
Q

Father of dental radiology

A

Edmund kells

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3
Q

First dental radiograph

A

Otto walkhoff

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4
Q

First dental xray unit

A

William rollins

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5
Q

Process by which certain unstable atoms/elements undergo spontaneous disintegration or decay in an effort to attain a more balanced nuclear state

A

Radioactivity

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6
Q

Use of ionizing radiation to produce a recorded image or photosensitive material

A

Radiography

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7
Q

Process of making atom an ION

A

Inonization

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8
Q

Emission of energy through space or a substance in the form of waves/particles

A

Radiation

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9
Q

fundamental unit of matter

A

Atom

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10
Q

attraction of electron to nucleus

A

Electrostatic force / Binding energy

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11
Q

electron that has high binding energy

A

K Shell

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12
Q

Electron that has low binding energy

A

Q Shell

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13
Q

High energy electromagnetic photons emitted from inside of nucleus

A

Gamma

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14
Q

High energy electromagnetic photons emitted from Outside of nucleus

A

Xrays

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15
Q

Distance between crest/peak of 1 wave to another

A

Wavelength

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16
Q

number of wavelength that pass a given patient in certain amount.

A

Frequency

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17
Q

Filters longer wavelength

A

ALUMINUM DISK

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18
Q

99% of your byproduct in your xray production is?

A

HEAT

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19
Q

component of xray machine that absorbs heat

A

Insulating oil

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20
Q

Restricts size, shape of xray

A

Lead collimator

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21
Q

Alters the voltage of electricity

A

Transformer

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22
Q

Controls voltage to filament

A

Step down transformer

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23
Q

Low voltage or step down transformer is controlled by

A

Milliamperage

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24
Q

Increase potential between cathode-anode

A

Step up transformer

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25
Q

Accelerate electrons and generate xrays in the xray tube

A

High voltage

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26
Q

High voltage or step up transformer is controlled by

A

kVp (kilovoltage peak)

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27
Q

dissipates heat during taking xray

A

Copper stem

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28
Q

Tungsten has a high atomic number, high melting point, high thermal conductivity because

A

It can withstand high amount of heat

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29
Q

Release of electrons when filaments are heated

A

Thermionic emission

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30
Q

Shape of an effective focal spot

A

RECTANGULAR

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31
Q

the smaller the focal spot size =

A

the sharper the image

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32
Q

Filters longer wavelength

A

Aluminum disk

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33
Q

Restricts the size, shape of xray

A

Lead collimator

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34
Q

Allows the exit of xray

A

Tubehead seal

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35
Q

Shape of collimator

A

RECTANGLE

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36
Q

also called general radiation, breaking radiation, it is the primary source of xray. Produced on sudden stopping/deceleration of high speed electron when they hit/close to target.

A

BREMSSTRAHLUNG

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37
Q

Produced when a high speed electron dislodges an inner shell electron

A

Characteristic Radiation

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38
Q

most common type of scatter radiation in dental xray, no scatter rad, has ionization.

A

Photoelectric.

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39
Q

Applied force to accelerate electron from cathode to anode

A

kVp

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40
Q

controls heating of filament

A

mA

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41
Q

Periapical size for Pedo
Intraoral sizes

A

0 (22x35)

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42
Q

Periapical size for all areas of adult
Intraoral size

A

2 (31x41mm)

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43
Q

film used for impacted tooth and presence of sialolithiasis

A

Occlusal radiograph

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44
Q

film used to detect interproximal caries

A

Bitewing radiograph

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45
Q

most important part of film

A

EMULSION
- because of silver halide crystals; forms image

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46
Q

the smaller the crystal size =

A

the sharper the image

“the slower the film, the smaller the crystals, the greater resolution”

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47
Q

most recommended fast films

A

letter: E/ekta speed

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48
Q

muscle of the floor of the mouth, what muscle should relax to get the radiograph of periapical xray of mandible.

A

Mylohyoid muscle

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49
Q

proper placement of paralleling technique in maxilla: Superior border at the?

A

Height of palatal vault.

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50
Q

Increased Object film distance is a result of

A

Magnification

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51
Q

Bisecting angle technique!
Angulation:

A

Incisor: Max: +40 Mand: -15
Canine: +45 , -20
PM: +30, -10
Molars: +20, -5

52
Q

type of error Excessive angulation =

A

Foreshortened

53
Q

type of error insufficient angulation =

A

Elongated

54
Q

Most common type of error during xray

A

Elongation

55
Q

Bitewing is used or to detect

A

Proximal Caries

56
Q

Vertically oriented bitewing is used for the assessment of

A

Periodontitis

57
Q

Same Lingual Opposite Buccal

A

Clark Shift

58
Q

Downward Lingual Upward Buccal

A

Frank shift

59
Q

Phosphor layer coat base which converts xray energy into visible light; decrease dose -> decreases image resolution -> decreases exposure time, intensify the light.

A

Intensifying screen

60
Q

Highest point of skull

A

Vertex

61
Q

View Used for sphenoid sinus, body of mandible, vertex and base of skull, fractures of zygomatic arch, palatal lesion.

A

Submentovertex View “Jughundle’s View”

62
Q

view used to assess frontal sinus

A

Caldwell view

63
Q

extraoral view best to evaluate sinuses in general. also for mid face fracture, zygomatic fracture.

A

Water’s view “Occipitomental Projection”

64
Q

Evaluates growth and development of the face

A

Cephalometric “Lateral View”

65
Q

Most table landmark/area from which to evaluate craniofacial growth

A

Anterior Cranial Base “Sella-Nasion Plane”

66
Q

Most useful as diagnostic requiring broad coverage of the jaws.

A

Panoramic view
“Pantomography”

67
Q

Best for the examinations of condyles and neck of the mandible

A

Towne’s View

68
Q

Identify fractures of the condylar neck and ramus, superimposition of mastoid process, OPEN Mouth

A

Reverse towne’s view

69
Q

Image upon exposure of xray

A

Latent image

70
Q

image after processing of xray

A

radiographic image

71
Q

Conversion of exposed silver halide crystals into metallic silver grain

A

Developing

72
Q

developing composition that Softens the emulsion, accelerator, activator for developing, alkaline pH.

A

Sodium Carbonate

73
Q

Slow reducing agent, Black tones.

A

Hydroquinone

74
Q

Quick reducing agent, gray tones.

A

Elon

75
Q

Dilutes the developer to slow/stop development process

A

RInsing

76
Q

Removes undeveloped/unexposed silver halide crystals and hardens the film

A

Fixing

77
Q

Preservative of developing, fixing and local anesthetic.

A

Sodium Sulfite

78
Q

Composition of fixing solution that hardens emulsion

A

Potassium Alum

79
Q

Ensure removal of all thiosulfate ions and silver thiosulfate complexes

A

Washing

80
Q

Resists passage of xray, appears color white

A

Radiopaque

81
Q

Allows passage of xray appears color black

A

Radiolucent

82
Q

Least to most radiopaque

Sinus - bone - dentin - enamel - AMALGAM

A

Sinus - bone - dentin - enamel - AMALGAM is highly radiopaque

83
Q

All composite are Radiopaque? True or false

A

False
- composite and calcium hydroxide is not always radiopaque.

84
Q

a contaminated solution can be ____developed

A

Underdeveloped

85
Q

a concentrated solution can be ____developed

A

Overdeveloped

86
Q

errors: Insufficient angulation, appear too long

A

Elongation

87
Q

errors: excessive angulation, appear too short

A

Foreshortening

88
Q

Portion of film appear cleared w/ curved line, not aimed at the center.

A

Cone cutting.

89
Q

Zigzagged patterns appear on the film, placed backward in mouth.

A

Herringbone

90
Q

Part of cell that is sensitive to radiation

A

Nucleus or DNA

91
Q

Papilla of the tongue that has no taste buds

A

Filiform papilla

92
Q

Inflammation of oral mucosa

A

Mucositis

93
Q

a condition in which bone has died due to radiation exposure, common in mandible because of less blood supply & common to take radiograph.

A

Osteoradionecrosis

94
Q

ALARA principle meaning.

A

As low as reasonably achievable

95
Q

white/yellow pseudomembrane

A

Desquamated epithelial layer

96
Q

Radioresistant to radiosensitive

MUSCLE, THYROID GLAND, SKIN, SMALL LYMPHOCYTES

A

MUSCLE, THYROID GLAND, SKIN, SMALL LYMPHOCYTES

97
Q

To do good is

A

Beneficence

98
Q

Not to do harm is

A

Non-maleficence

99
Q

ALARA

A

As low as reasonably achievable

100
Q

the process that determines the quantity of radiation exposure or dose

A

Dosimetry

101
Q

maximum permissible dose for occupational

A

0.05 sv/yr

102
Q

maximum permissible dose for non occupational & occup. preg.

A

0.001 sv/yr

103
Q

radiation quantity that measures the capacity/concentration of radiation to ionize the air

A

Exposure

104
Q

Exposure to radiation is measured by

A

Roentgen (traditional unit)

105
Q

Methods of personnel protection
Distance: _ ft. away
Position: __-___ degree angle to the beam
Shielding: Behind a protective barrier

A

6 ft
90-135 degree

106
Q

the metal that is most resistant to penetration of ionizing radiation

A

Lead
- Lead apron (px protection)

107
Q

the best kVp

A

60-80 kvp

108
Q

Cross-sectional 3D-image for the assessment of BONY tissue
e.g TMJ, neck of condyle. etc

A

CT Scan

109
Q

Assessment of the SOFT tissue using radiofrequency pulses & magnetic field

A

MRI
“Magnetic Resonance Imaging”

110
Q

Radioactive iodine is given through IV with patient undergoing

A

CT Scan

111
Q

Gadolinium is given through IV with patient undergoing

A

MRI

112
Q

CBCT

A

Cone-beam computed tomography
(comfortable position: sitting position)

113
Q

Assessment of areas of ACTIVE BONE METABOLISM, by injection of TECHNETIUM-99

A

Nuclear imaging

114
Q

Image acquisition inaccurasies

A

Noise

115
Q

Picture element, unit of information, smallest controllable element of a picture represented on the screen.

A

Pixel

116
Q

Most commonly used digital imaging receptor, 1st image receptor used for intraoral imaging.

A

Charge-coupled device.

117
Q

most useful radiograph for detecting caries/interproximal

A

Bitewing

118
Q

Film size for children

A

0

119
Q

Film size for adult

A

2

120
Q

Cone at enamel and dentin with bases in contact with each. Most common caries, location.

A

Pit and Fissure

121
Q

Cone with base at enamel & apex towards Pulp

A

Proximal Surface

122
Q

Most common pattern for bone loss

Loss of height of alveolar bone with crest more apically placed from the CEJ

A

Horizontal bone loss or “Angular bone defect”

123
Q

Best prognosis of vertical bone defect (Wall)

A

3 Wall

124
Q

Worst prognosis of vertical bone defect (wall)

A

1 wall

125
Q

Most common osseous/bone defect

A

2 wall “CRATER”

126
Q
A

DMD (23 decks)

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