The Cell

Question 1

function of covering and example

Answer 1

epithelial cells form a sheet to cover surfaces
ex: skin cells cover the external body surface

Question 2

function of lining and example

Answer 2

epithelial cells line the internal surfaces of our organs
ex: small intestine

Question 3

function of storage & example

Answer 3

store nutrients or energy reserves for the body
ex: hepatocytes (liver cells) and adipocytes (fat cells)

Question 4

function of movement & example

Answer 4

-muscle cells are composed of contractile proteins that cause the muscle to shorten (contract), allowing movement to occur
-skeletal muscle cells attach to the skeleton so that when these cells contract, they move the skeleton

Question 5

function of connection & example

Answer 5

multiple cell types occur in connective tissues, which help connect and support other tissues
ex: fibroblast cells produce protein fibers that are found in ligaments, the connective tissue that binds bone to bone

Question 6

function of defense

Answer 6

-many cell types protect the body against pathogens or antigens (anything perceived as foreign in the body)
-white blood cells (called leukocytes) are designed to recognize foreign material (antigens) and attack them
-the process of attacking the foreign materials is called an immune response

Question 7

function of communication

Answer 7

-sensory information to the brain for processing, or motor information to make a muscle con
-nerve cells (called neurons) transmit nerve impulses from one part of the body to another
-the nerve impulse carries information between neurons within the nervous system

Question 8

function of reproduction & example

Answer 8

-some cells are designed solely to produce new individual
ex: within the gonads, the sex cells (sperm and oocytes) are produced . They are specialized cells designed to join together and initiate the formation of a new individual. The red bone marrow are stem cells that continuously produce new blood cells for the body

Question 9

plasma membrane

Answer 9

forms the outer, limiting barrier separating the internal contents of the cell from the external environment

Question 10

cytoplasm
3 components of cytoplasm

Answer 10

-all cellular contents located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
-cytosol (viscous fluid)
-inclusions (nonfunctional, temporary structures that store cellular products)
-organelles (tiny structures that perform specific cellular functions)

Question 11

nucleus

Answer 11

-the cell’s control center
-controls protein synthesis (production of new proteins) and directs the functional and structural characteristics of the cell

Question 12

function of lysosomes

Answer 12

digest materials or microbes ingested by the cell; remove old/damaged organelles; self-destruct (autolyze)

Question 13

function of peroxisomes

Answer 13

convert hydrogen peroxide formed during metabolism to water

Question 14

mitochondria

Answer 14

synthesize most ATP during cellular respiration; “powerhouses of cell”

Question 15

ribosomes

Answer 15

synthesize proteins for:
1. use in the cell (free ribosomes)
2. secretion, incorporation into plasma membrane, or lysosomes (bound ribosomes)

Question 16

cytoskeleton

Answer 16

provides structural support; facilities cytoplasmic streaming, organelle and cellular motility, transport of proteins, and chromosomal movement and cell division

Question 17

microfilaments

Answer 17

maintain cell shape; aid in muscle contraction and intracellular movement; separate dividing cells

Question 18

intermediate filaments

Answer 18

provide structural support; stabilize cell junctions

Question 19

microtubules

Answer 19

support cell: hold organelles in place; maintain cell shape and rigidity; direct organelle movement within cell and cell motility as cilia and flagella; move chromosomes at cell division

Question 20

centrosome

Answer 20

organizes microtubules ; participates in spindle formation during cell division

Question 21

centrioles

Answer 21

organize microtubules during cell division for the movement of chromosomes

Question 22

cilia

Answer 22

move fluid, mucus, and materials over the cell surface

Question 23

flagellum

Answer 23

propels sperm in human male

Question 24

microvilli

Answer 24

increase membrane surface area for absorption and/or secretion