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Anatomy > Chapter 14: Nervous Tissue SYDNEY > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Nervous Tissue SYDNEY Flashcards

1
Q

what is the nervous system?

A

the body’s primary communication and control system

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2
Q

functions of the nervous system

A

-monitor changes: inside and outside, sensory input
-process and interpret
-causes a response: motor output, effector organs

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3
Q

for convenient organizational purposes, what two categories is the nervous system divided into?

A

-structural
-functional

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4
Q

types of structural nervous systems

A

-central nervous system (CNS)
-peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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5
Q

types of functional nervous systems

A

-sensory nervous system
-motor nervous system

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6
Q

what parts of the body are included in the CNS?

A

-brain
-spinal cord

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7
Q

how is the brain protected in the CNS?

A

protected and enclosed within the skull

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8
Q

how is the spinal cord protected in the CNS?

A

housed and protected within the vertebral canal

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9
Q

what are the two types of nerves that are included in the PNS?

A

-cranial nerves: 12 (nerves that extend from the brain)
-spinal nerves (nerves that extend from the spinal cord)
-ganglia

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10
Q

what is ganglia

A

clusters of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS

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11
Q

the sensory motor system and motor nervous system both perform three general functions:

A

-collect information
-process and evaluate information
-initiate response to information

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12
Q

what happens when information is collected?

A

specialized PNS structures called receptors detect changes in the internal or external environment (stimuli) and pass them on to the CNS as sensory input

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13
Q

what happens during process and evaluating information?

A

after processing sensory input, the CNS determines what, if any, response is required

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14
Q

what happens during the initiating response to information?

A

the CNS initiates specific nerve impulses called motor motor output. motor output travels through structures of the PNS to effectors

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15
Q

the sensory nervous system is subdivided into:

A

-somatic sensory
-visceral sensory

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16
Q

function of somatic sensory system

A

sensory input that is voluntarily perceived from receptors

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17
Q

what are the somatic sensory components?

A

general somatic senses: touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temperature, and proprioception (sensing position or movement of joints and limbs)
special senses: taste, vision, hearing, balance, smell

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18
Q

function of visceral sensory system

A

sensory input that is involuntarily perceived from receptors of blood vessels and internal organs

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19
Q

what are the visceral components?

A

components transmit nerve impulses from chemical compostion of blood to the CNS

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20
Q

types of neurons in the sensory nervous system

A

afferent neurons

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21
Q

what does the term afferent mean?

A

-inflowing
-indicating that nerve impulses are transmitted to the CNS

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22
Q

types of neurons in the motor nervous system

A

efferent neurons

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23
Q

what does the term efferent mean?

A

-conducting outward
-indicating that nerve impulses are transmitted from the CNS

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24
Q

what is the sensory nervous system responsible for?

A

receiving sensory information from receptors and transmitting this information to the CNS

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25
Q

what is the motor nervous system responsible for?

A

transmitting motor impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles or glands)

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26
Q

the motor nervous system is subdivided into:

A

-somatic nervous system (SNS): voluntary
-autonomic nervous system (ANS): involuntary

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27
Q

function of somatic nervous system

A

motor output that is voluntarily controlled; effector is skeletal muscle

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28
Q

function of autonomic nervous system

A

motor output that is involuntarily controlled; effectors are cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

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29
Q

components of autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic components

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30
Q

basic structural unit of the nervous system

A

neuron

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31
Q

functions of the neuron

A

-excitable cell
-long-lived
-high metabolic rate
-regeneration: unable to divide

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32
Q

what does the excitable cell mean?

A

generate, send, and receive nerve impulses

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33
Q

characteristic of the high metabolic rate

A

neurons survival depends upon continuous and abundant supplies of oxygen & glucose

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34
Q

structure of a neuron

A

-soma: cell body
-dendrites: processes that branch off the cell body
-axon: process extending from the cell body to make contact with other neurons, muscle cells or gland cells

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35
Q

processes (extensions) of neuron structures

A

-dendrites
-axon
-telodendria
-synaptic knobs

36
Q

function of the soma

A

-serves as the neuron’s control center and is responsible for receiving, integrating, and sending nerve impulses
-includes nucleus
-machinery

37
Q

length, feature, and function of dendrites

A

-shorter
-dendritic spines
-impulses to cell body

38
Q

number, function, and feature of axon

A

-one or none
-impulse away from soma
-axon hillock: triangular region connecting cell body to axon

39
Q

what is telodendria? function?

A

-fine terminal branches of an axon or axon collateral (side branches of an axon)
-transmitting signals to other neurons or target cells

40
Q

what are synaptic knobs?

A

slightly expanded regions at the tips of the telodendria

41
Q

function of synaptic knobs

A

meet other neurons

42
Q

neurons are classified structurally into three types, based upon the number of neuron processes extending from the cell body:

A

-unipolar (aka pseudounipolar) neurons
-bipolar neurons
-multipolar neurons

43
Q

what is a unipolar neuron?

A

it has a single process that divides into a peripheral process and a central process

44
Q

features of unipolar neurons

A

-single-short neuron processes, branches like a T
-long axon
-function: detect stimuli in the form of touch, pressure, temperature, or chemicals
-location: cell bodies (posterior root ganglia - spinal nerves)

45
Q

example of unipolar neuron

A

sensory neurons

46
Q

What is a bipolar neuron?

A

-it has two processes that extend from the soma: one axon and one dendrite
-uncommon in humans

47
Q

special senses of the bipolar neurons

A

-olfactory epithelium of nose
-retina of eye

48
Q

what is the multipolar neuron?

A

-multiple processes: many dendrites and a single axon extend from the soma
-most common type

49
Q

example of multipolar neuron

A

motor neurons that innervate muscle and glands

50
Q

Four types of glial cells occur in the CNS

A

-astrocytes
-ependymal cells
-microglial cells
-oligodendrocytes

51
Q

all glial cells, except microglia, are derived from ______

A

neural ectoderm

52
Q

what are microglia derived from?

A

stem cells within the red bone marrow that become monocytes (a type of white blood cell)

53
Q

what are glial cells? function of glial cells?

A

-occur within both the CNS and the PNS
-Abundance: outnumber neurons
-fun fact: cause of all tumors in nervous system
-function: assist neurons

54
Q

how do glial cells assist neurons?

A

-physically protect
-nourish
-provide framework

55
Q

Location and description of astrocyte

A

-location: CNS
-Description: Large cell with numerous cell processes; in contact with neurons and capillaries; most common type of glial cell

56
Q

functions of astrocytes

A

-blood-brain barrier
-fluid composition
-regulate synaptic pathways
-structural support
-fill space of dead neurons
-assist neuron development in the fetus

57
Q

how do the astrocytes assist neural development in the fetus?

A

they help direct the development of neurons in the fetal brain by secreting chemicals that regulate the connections between neurons

58
Q

what are the ependymal cells?

A

cuboidal epithelial cells that line the internal cavities of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord

59
Q

significance of cilia on ependymal cells

A

they have cilia on their apical surfaces that help circulate the CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

60
Q

how is the choroid plexus formed?

A

ependymal cells and nearby blood capillaries together form a network call the choroid plexus

61
Q

choroid plexus produces cerebrospinal fluid. what is CSF?

A

a clear liquid that bathes the CNS and fills its internal cavities

62
Q

what are microglial cells?

A

small cells that have slender branches extending from the main cell body

63
Q

features of microglial cells

A

-rare: low as 5%
-mobile: wander through the CNS and replicate in response to infection
-perform phagocytic activity and remove debris from dead/damaged nervous tissue

64
Q

what do the microglial cells resemble?

A

macrophages of the immune system

65
Q

what are oligodendrocytes?

A

-large cells with a bulbous body and slender cytoplasmic extensions or processes
-myelinate CNS axons
-many neurons

66
Q

protective covering around the axon

A

myelin sheath

67
Q

what is the myelin sheath made of?

A

many overlapping layers of plasma membrane

68
Q

what is the glial cell type in the PNS?

A

neurolemnocytes/ Schwann cells

69
Q

shape of Schwann cells

A

-elongated, flattened cells that wrap around the axons within the PNS, insulating the axon and forming a myelin sheath (1 mm per cell)
-one neuron

70
Q

in the CNS, a myelin sheath forms from ?

A

oligodendrocytes

71
Q

in the PNS, a myelin sheath forms from ?

A

shwann cells

72
Q

what are the small spaces called that interrupt the myelin sheath between adjacent oligodendrocytes or shwann cells?

A

neurofibril nodes/nodes of Ranvier

73
Q

features of neurofibril nodes

A

-no sheath
-voltage change

74
Q

what is the process of the nerve impulse jumping from neurofibril node to neurofibril node in a myelinated axon?

A

saltatory conduction

75
Q

what is the process of the nerve impulse traveling the entire length of the axon membrane in an unmyelinated axon?

A

continuous conduction

76
Q

difference between saltatory conduction and continuous conduction?

A

saltatory conduction is faster and less energy
continuous conduction takes longer to reach end of the axon

77
Q

what is a synapse?

A

junction between an axon and another cell

78
Q

a typical synapse in the CNS consists of the close association of a

A

presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic neuron

79
Q

what is a synaptic cleft?

A

very narrow gap between presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic neuron

80
Q

common type of synapse

A

axodendritic synapse

81
Q

Why does axodendritic synapse occur?

A

occurs between the synaptic knobs of a presynaptic neuron and the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron

82
Q

most numerous type of synapse

A

chemical synapse

83
Q

function of chemical synapse

A

facilitates most of the interactions between neurons and all communications between neurons and effectors

84
Q

what is a neurotransmitter?

A

-chemical messengers

85
Q

where are the neurotransmitters released from?

A

-presynaptic cell only
-then bind to receptor proteins found only in the plasma membrane of the postsynaptic cell

86
Q

sequence of events of synapse:

A
  1. incoming impulse
  2. calcium comes in
  3. synaptic vesicles move to membrane
  4. neurotransmitter released
  5. Na+ (sodium ions) channels open on postsynaptic cell
  6. new impulse
  7. enzymes in synaptic cleft clear neurotransmitter

Anatomy (82 decks)

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