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Anatomy > Chapter 6: Cartilage > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

Chondroblast

A

The cells that make up the cartilage matrix in our bones

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2
Q

What are the two ways the cartilage grows?

A
  1. Interstital growth - grow from within the cartilage itself
  2. Appositional growth- growth along the cartilage outisde edge
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3
Q

_____________ the main thing that makes up the bone

A

Bone connective tissue (Osseous connective tissue)

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4
Q

What are the four classes of bone?

A
  1. Long bone (most common, is in the upper limbs, lower limbs, feet & toes)
  2. Short bone
  3. Flat bone
  4. Irregular bone
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5
Q

One of the main features of the long bon eis its ___________

A

Diaphysis (Shaft)

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6
Q

Epiphysis

A

Knobby region at each of the long bone

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7
Q

Metaphysis

A

Region of mature bone between the diaphysis & epiphysis

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8
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis at a joint surface

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9
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Hollow cylindrical space within the diaphysis

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10
Q

Endosteum

A

An complete layer of cells that cover all internal surfaces

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11
Q

Periosteum

A

Covers the outer surfaces of the bone except for the areas covered by articular cartilage

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12
Q

What are the 4 types of cells in the bone connective tissue?

A
  1. Osteoprogenitor cell
  2. Osteoblast
  3. Osteocyte
  4. Osteoclast
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13
Q

Osteoprogenitor cell

A

Stem cells that came from mesechyme

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14
Q

Osteoblast

A

Are responsible for creating & secreting bone (osteoid) (Also they are single nucleated cubodial ells & line the surface of the bone)

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15
Q

Osteocyte

A

Maintains bone tissue & mature bone cells that repsonds to stress

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16
Q

Osteoclast

A

Break down bone through bone resorption (which is a process where bone tissue is broken down & released minerals into the blood)

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17
Q

The main salt crystal in the bone is ____________

A

Hydroxyapatite- which is made up of calcium phosphate & calcium hydroxide

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18
Q

What is the major structure of compact bones?

A

Osteons

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19
Q

What are the 4 structures of osteons?

A
  1. Central (Haverison) Canal
  2. Concentric Lamellae
  3. Osteocytes
  4. Canaliculi
20
Q

Central (Haverison) Canal

A

Is the channel that runs through the center of the osteon (Contains blood vessels & nerves)

21
Q

Concentric Lamellae

A

Are rings of connective tissue that surround the central cannel

22
Q

Osteocytes

A

Are bone cells found between lamellae

23
Q

Canaliculi

A

Are tiny channels that connect lacuna to other lacuna & to the central canal (They transport nutrients, gasses, minerals, & wastes through jap junctions)

24
Q

What are the additional structure outside the osteon?

A
  1. Perforating (Volkamann’s) Canals
  2. Circumferential Lamella
  3. Interstitial lamella
25
Q

Perforating (Volkmann’s) Cannals

A

Run perpendicular to central canals to connect adjacent osteons

26
Q

Circumferential lamella

A

Externally found underneath the periosteum or innerally found around the marrow cavity

27
Q

Interstitial lamella

A

Sits between osteons & have no central canal

28
Q

What are the features in the spongy bone?

A
  1. Trabecule
  2. Parallel Lamellae
29
Q

Trabecule

A

Is an opne networks of bone rods & plates

30
Q

Parallel Lamellae

A

Composed of bone matrix that run across spongy bone

31
Q

The spongy bone doesnt contain ________

A

Osteons

32
Q

_____________ is the process of destroying the bone matrix

A

Bone resorption

33
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Hyaline cartilage is created and then invaded by osteoblast that calcifies it (begins with hyaline cartilage and produces most bones in the body (long bones in skeleton)

34
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Osteoblasts differentiate directly from the mesenchyme and builds bone

35
Q

What are the phases in stage 1 of Endochondral ossification?

A
  1. Zone of resting cartilage
  2. Zone of proliferating cartilage
  3. Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
  4. Zone of calcified cartilage
  5. Zone of ossification
36
Q

What are the phases in stage 2(Ossification at the cartilaginous diaphysis) of Endochondral ossification?

A
  1. Osteoprogenitor cells in the perichondrium divide to become osteoblasts
  2. Cartilage calcifies and forms a periosteal bone collar
  3. Periosteal bud arises from the bone collar
  4. . Bone is deposited from primary ossification center towards the epiphysis
  5. Once at the epiphysis, same process is repeated, giving rise to a secondary ossification center.
  6. Bone growth and remodeling continuous at the epiphyseal plates until early adulthood
37
Q

Bone remodeling

A

Is the continual removal of old bone (resorption) and addition of new bone tissue (deposition)

38
Q

Mechanical stress

A

Is put on the bone from weight-bearing movements and exercise

39
Q

How does hormones affect bone remodeling?

A
  1. Growth hormones (somatropin) stimulates the growth of cartilage in epiphyseal plate
  2. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) stimulates the growth of cartilage in epiphyseal plate
  3. Thyroid hormones stimulate bone growth by increasing metabolism of bone cells
    • Sex hormones (estrogen/testosterone) accelerate bone growth at puberty
  5. Glucocorticoids (steroid hormones) stimulate bone loss
40
Q

Stress fracture

A

Is a thin break due to repetitive stresses from physical activity (Ex: runners)

41
Q

Fractures

A

Are breaks in the bone due to unusual stress or a sudden ________________

42
Q

Pathological fracture

A

Can occur in diseased bone

43
Q

Simple fracture

A

Occurs when the broken bone does not go through the skin

44
Q

Compound fracture

A

Occurs when the broken bone does go through the skin

45
Q

What are the 4 stages how bone fractures are repaired?

A
  1. Formation of fracture hematoma (Bleeding from damaged blood vessels, clots)
  2. Fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus (forms New blood capillaries enter the clot)
  3. Hard (bony) callus (Osteoprogenitor cells become osteoblasts to produce trabeculae & Trabeculae replaces the soft callus to form the hard callus)
  4. Bone is remodeled

Anatomy (82 decks)

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