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Anatomy > Chapter 10: Muscle tissue & organization > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Muscle tissue & organization Flashcards

1
Q

What are the properties of muscle tissue?

A
  • Excitability
  • Conductivity
  • Contractility (tension & shorten)
  • Elasticity
  • Extensibility
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2
Q

What are the different functions of skeletal muscle?

A
  • Movement
  • Posture
  • Temperature regulation
  • Storage/ movement (sphinters)
  • Support
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3
Q

Fascicles

A

Bundles of muscle fibers

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4
Q

what is endomysium?

A

within muscle; innermost connective tissue layer; fiber

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5
Q

what is perimysium?

A

surrounds the fascicles; contains extensive arrays of blood vessels & nerves that branch to supply each individual fascicle

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6
Q

what is epimysium?

A

a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the whole skeletal muscle

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7
Q

what is deep fascia?

A

additional expansive sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that lies external to the epimysium
- separate individual muscles
-binds together muscles w/ similar functions
-forms sheaths to help distribute nerves, blood vessels & fills spaces b/t muscles

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8
Q

which layer is deep fascia internal to?

A

superficial fascia

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9
Q

what is superficial fascia?

A

composed of areolar and adipose distinctive tissue that separates muscle from skin

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10
Q

what level is epimysium?

A

a muscle

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11
Q

what connective tissue covering goes with fascicle?

A

perimysium

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12
Q

what connective tissue covering goes with muscle?

A

endomysium

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13
Q

what connective tissue covering goes with fascicle?

A

Perimysium

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14
Q

what connective tissue covering goes with Fiber?

A

Endomysium

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15
Q

Where are muscle fibers located and what do they contain?

A
  • Located in sarcolemma
  • Sarcoplasm
  • Contains myofibrils (length of cells & myofilaments)
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16
Q

Myosin

A

Thick filaments (11nm)

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17
Q

Actin

A

-Thin filaments (9nm)
- Also tropomyosin & troponin (regulates contraction)
- Nebulin (thin filament formation)

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18
Q

In context of myofilaments, size & density difference between _____________ filaments

A

thick & thin

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19
Q

How do A band and I bands appear under a light microscope?

A

-A- bands (appear dark) (thick filaments)

  • I bands (appear light) (thin filaments)
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20
Q

Electron microscope related to H-zone, M-line, Z-Disc

A
  • H-zone (thick filaments only)
  • M-line (attachment site for thick fibers)
  • Z-disc (attachment site for thin fibers)
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21
Q

How is Sacromere related to Z-discs?

A
  • The distance between two Z- disc
  • The functional unit of skeletal muscle contraction
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22
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A
  • Contains the synaptic knob (synaptic vesicles (contains acetylcholine (ACH))
  • Contains synaptic cleft (acetylcholinesterase (breaks down ACH)
  • Motor end plate (located in sacrolemma, folded, & has ACH receptors)
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23
Q

Sliding filament theory

A

-Thick & thin fibers pass each other during contraction

  • H-zone & I-band disappear at maximal contraction
  • Overall shortening
    -Tension
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24
Q

What are the steps involved in skeletal muscle contraction?

A
  1. Nerve impulse arrives at the neuromuscular junction
  2. ACH released into synaptic cleft
  3. Ach binds to receptors in the motor end plate initiating an impulse along the sarcolemma
  4. Impulse travels along sacrolemma & T-tubules
  5. Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

6.Calcium ions bind to troponin

  1. Troponin moves tropomyosin & exposes active sites on the actin
  2. Myosin heads bind to active sites & pivots
  3. ATP binds to myosin head
  4. Myosin head detaches from actin & resets

11.Nerve impulse stops

  1. Calcium ions transported back to sarcoplasmic reticulum
  2. Tropomyosin covers active sites, myosin can’t bind muscles relaxes
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25
Q

Motor units

A
  • “All or none” principle
  • Muscle tone
    (- resting tension in skeletal muscles
  • not enough forces for movement
    -some motor units always active)
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26
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Length of muscle doesn’t change (tension greater than or equal to resistance)

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27
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

Fibers shorten
(- Tension is greater than resistance)

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28
Q

What are the two types of isotonic contractions?

A
  1. Concentric contractions
  2. Eccentric contractions
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29
Q

Concentric contractions

A

Actively shortens a muscle

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30
Q

Eccentric contractions

A

Controlled lengthening of a muscle

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31
Q

Slow oxidative fibers

A
  • Relatively thinner
  • Slower/ less powerful contractions
  • Stay contracted longer
    -Aerobic respiration
  • Dark red (myoglobin)
  • Heavily vascularized
    -Many mitochondria
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32
Q

Fast Oxidative fibers

A

-Intermediate fibers
-Fast/powerful contraction
-Aerobic respiration
- Lighter red (less myoglobin)
- Not as vascularized
- Fewer mitochondria
- Medium endurance

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33
Q

What are the different arrangements muscle come in?

A

-Circular
-Parallel
-Convergent
-Pennate (unipennate, bipennate)

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34
Q

Atrophy

A

-Wasting
- Tone, size, power

35
Q

Hypertrophy

A

-increase in myofibril number
- Increase in myofilaments (fast fibers)
-More mitochondria
-Larger glycogen stores

36
Q

What are insertions of Tendons?

A

Aponeurosis if thin sheet

-Origin: less mobile attachment, proximal (in limbs)

  • Insertion (more mobile, distal (in limbs))
37
Q

Skeletal muscle action

A
  • Agonist (prime mover)
    -Antagonist
    -Synergist
38
Q

What are the actions of the Trapezius and where is its insertion?

A

-Origin: occipital bone
-Spinous process of C7-T12

-Insertion: Clavicle, scapular spine, acromion

-Action: elevates, retracts, depresses, rotates scapula

-Spinal accessory n.

39
Q

What are the actions of Latissimus Dorsi?

A
  • Thoracolumbar fascia to medial border of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
  • Extends, adducts, medially rotates arm
40
Q

What are the different Upper limb: Axioappendicular muscles ?

A

•Teres Major
• Rhomboid Major
• Rhomboid Minor
• Levator Scapulae
•Pectoralis major
•Pectoralis minor
•Deltoid

41
Q

What is the action and insertion of the Pectoralis major?

A
  • Origin: clavicle.
    costal cartilages 2-6, body of sternum
  • Insertion: Lateral
    intertubercular groove
  • Action
    • Arm flexion.
    adduction, medial rotation
42
Q

Pectoralis minor is known as __________ stabilizer

A

Shoulder

43
Q

What are the actions of the Deltoid muscle & what is its insertion?

A
  • Origin
    • Scapular spine, acromion, acromial end of clavicle
  • Insertion
    • Deltoid tuberosity
  • Action
    • Abducts arm, also flexes & extends arm
44
Q

What are the actions of Serratus Anterior and what where is it’s insertion?

A

Origin
• Ribs 1-8
- Insertion
• Medial border of scapula
- Stabilizes scapula
- “winged scapula” if paralyzed
•Radical mastectomy
• Fencing

45
Q

What is the action of Subscapularis and where is its insertion?

A

Origin
• Subscapular fossa
- Insertion
• Lesser tubercle of humerus

Action
• Medially rotates humerus
• Stabilizes shoulder

46
Q

What is the action of Teres Minor and where is its insertion?

A

Origin
• Lateral border of scapula
- Insertion
• Greater tubercle of humerus

Action
• Adducts and laterally rotates arm
• Stabilizes shoulder

47
Q

What are Upper limb: Anterior arm muscles ?

A

-Biceps Brachii
-Brachialis

48
Q

What are the action of Biceps Brachi and where is its insertion?

A

Spans shoulder & elbow
- 2 heads
Origin
•Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
• Coracoid process of scapula
- Insertion
• Radial tuberosity
- Action
• Flexes forearm. arm
• Supinator of forearm

49
Q

What are the action of Brachialis and where is its insertion?

A

Spans elbow only
- Origin
• Anterior surface of humerus.
- Insertion
• Coronoid process of ulna
- Action
•Flexes forearm

50
Q

What are the Upper limb: Posterior arm muscles ?

A

Triceps brachii

51
Q

What are the actions of the Triceps brachi and where is its insertion?

A

Origin
• Infraglenoid tubercle & posterior humerus
- Insertion
• Olecranon of ulna
Action
• Extends forearm, extends & adducts
arm

52
Q

What are the Upper limb: Forearm Anterior Compartment muscles ?

A
  • Pronator teres
    -Flexor carpi radialis
    -Palmaris longus
    -Flexor carpi ulnaris
    -Flexor digitorum superficialis
53
Q

What are the actions of the Pronator teres and where is its insertion?

A

Anterior compartment
- Origin
• Medial epicondyle of humerus & coronoid process of ulna
- Insertion
• Lateral surface of radius
- Action
•Pronates forearm

54
Q

What are the actions of the Flexor Carpi Radialis and where is its insertion?

A

Anterior compartment
- Origin
• Medial epicondyle of humerus
- Insertion
• Base of Metacarpal I and II
- Action
• Wrist flexor, abducts hand

55
Q

What are the actions of the Palmaris longus and where is its insertion?

A

Anterior compartment
- Origin
• Medial epicondyle of humerus
- Insertion
• Palmar aponeurosis
- Action
• Weak wrist flexor

56
Q

What are the actions of Flexor Digitorum Superficialis and where is its insertions?

A

Anterior Compartment
- Origin
• Medial epicondyle of humerus.
coronoid process of ulna
- Insertion
• Middle phalanges of digits 2-5
- Action
• Flexes wrist metacarpal joints and interphalangeal joints

57
Q

Upper limb: forearm posterior compartment muscles

A

-Mostly extensors
-Brachioradialis
-Extensor Carpi radialis longus
-Extensor digitorum
-Extensor digitorum
-Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

58
Q

Brachioradialis

A

Lateral side of forearm
- Origin: anterior side of distal humerus
- Insertion: Styloid process of radius
- Action: flexes forearm

59
Q

Where is the insertion of Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus?

A

Posterior compartment
- Origin
• Lateral epicondyle of humerus
- Insertion
• Base of Metacarpal II

60
Q

Where is the insertion of Extensor Carpi Ulnaris?

A

Posterior compartment
- Origin
• Lateral epicondyle of humerus
- Insertion
• Base of Metacarpal V

61
Q

Lower limb: Gluteal region muscle

A

Gluteus Maximus

62
Q

Gluteus maximus

A

Origin
•Iliac crest, sacrum.
соссух
- Insertion
. Tiotibial tract, linea aspera
- Action
• Extends and laterally rotates thigh

63
Q

Lower Limb: Gluteal Region muscles

A
  • Gluteus medius and minimus
    -Hip stabilizers
    -Pitiformis
    -Obturartor internus
    -Quadratus femoris
64
Q

Gluteus Medius and
Minimus

A

Origin
• Lateral surface of
- Insertion
• Greater trochanter of femur
Action
• Abducts thigh

65
Q

What are the insertions of the Hip Stabilizers?

A

Pull femur into acetabulum
- Origin
• Sacrum and/or pelvis
- Insertion
• Greater trochanter

66
Q

Lower limb: Anterior thigh

A

-Sartorius
-Iliopsoas
-Quadriceps femoris
•Rectus femoris
•Vastus laterales
•Vastus intermedius

67
Q

Sartorius

A

Origin
• Anterior Superior Iliac
Spine
- Insertion
• Medial side of tibial tuberosity
- Action
• Flexes thigh, knee, rotates leg medially
• “cross-leg sitting”

68
Q

Iliopsoas

A

Origins
• Iliacus: iliac fossa
• Psoas major:
transverse processes
of thoracic and
lumbar vertebrae
- Insertion
• Lesser trochanter of
femur
- Actions
• Hip flexor

69
Q

Quadriceps Femoris has how many muscles

A

4 muscles

70
Q

Rectus Femoris

A

Origin
Anterior inferior iliac
spine
- Insertion
Tibial tuberosity (via
patella)
- Action
• Hip flexor
. Knee extensor

71
Q

Vastus group

A

Vastus Lateralis, Intermedius, Medialis Origin
• Linea aspera, anterior femur
- Insertion
• Tibial tuberosity (via
patella)
- Action
• Knee extensor

72
Q

Lower limb: Posterior thigh muscles

A

Hamstrings
-Biceps femoris (Long Head)
-Semimembranosus
-Semitendinosus

73
Q

Hamstrings

A

Biceps femoris (long head), Semimembranosus, Semitendinosus
- Origin: Ischial tuberosity
- Insertion
• Biceps femoris: proximal fibula
• Others: medial condyle of tibia
- Action: Hip extension, knee flexion

74
Q

Lower limb: Medial thigh muscles

A

Adductor compartment
-Pectineus
-Adductor brevis
-Adductor longus
-Adductor magnus
-Gracilis

75
Q

Adductor compartment

A

Origin
• Pubis & Ischium
- Insertion
• Linea aspera
• Adductor tubercle
- Action: Adduct thigh

76
Q

Gracilis

A

Origin
•Pubis
- Insertion
• Proximal medial
surface of tibia
- Action
• Adducts thigh, flexes hip & knee

77
Q

Lower limb: Anterior leg muscles

A

Tibialis Anterior muscle

78
Q

Tibialis Anterior

A

Origin
• Lateral condyle, shaft of tibia
- Insertion
• Metatarsal I, adjacent tarsals
Action
• Dorsiflexes, inverts foot

79
Q

Lower limb: Posterior leg muscles

A
  • Gastrocnemius
    -Soleus
80
Q

Gastrocnemius

A

Origin
• Distal femur above condyles
- Insertion
•Calcaneus
- Action
Flexes knee
• Plantar flexes foot

81
Q

Soleus

A

Origin
• Fibular head. medial tibia
- Insertion
• Calcaneus
- Action
• Plantar flexes foot

82
Q

Lower limb: lateral leg muscles

A

-Fibularis longus
-Fibularis brevis

83
Q

Fibularis longus

A

Origin: head of fibula, lateral tibia
- Insertion: Base of MT I, distal tarsals
- Action: eversion

84
Q

Fibularis brevis

A

Origin: distal fibular shaft
- Insertion: MT V
- Action: eversion

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