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Anatomy > Chapter 27: Urinary System SYDNEY > Flashcards

Chapter 27: Urinary System SYDNEY Flashcards

1
Q

What are the roles of the kidney?

A

Filter waste & convert to urine

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2
Q

What is the function of the urinary tract and what are other parts of it?

A

Transport urine and
- Ureters
- Urinary bladder
- Urethra

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3
Q

What are the function of the urinary system?

A

• Urine storage
• Excretion
• Blood volume regulation
• Regulate Red blood cell production
- Erythropoietin
- Low blood oxygen
• Ion balance/ acid-base balance

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4
Q

What are some features of the kidney?

A

• Retroperitoneal
• Upper lumbar verteurae
• Left side higher
- due to Liver on right
• 12 cm long, 2.5 em thick

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5
Q

Fibrous capsule
-a.k.a. Renal
capsule

A

Is the outer surface of the kidney and is composed of dense irregular connective tissues, it maintains the kidney’s shape, protects it from trauma, and prevents infectious pathogens from entering

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6
Q

Perinephric fat (perirental fat)

A

External to the fibrous capsule and contains, adipose connective tissues, also surrounds the kidney and offers cushioning & support

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7
Q

Renal fascia

A

External to the perinephric fat and is composed of dense irregular connective tissue & it anchors the kidney to the posterior abdominal wall & peritoneum

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8
Q

Hilum

A

A concave medial border within the kidney, where vessels, nerves, and the ureter enter/ exit the kidney

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9
Q

Renal Sinus

A

Houses renal arteries, renal veins, lymph vessels, nerves, the renal pelvis, renal calyces, and a variable amount of adipose adipose connective tissue

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10
Q

When a kidney is sectioned along a ___________ an outer renal cortex &inner renal medulla can be seen

A

Coronal plane

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11
Q

What some extensions of the Renal Cortex?

A

-Renal Columns
-Renal Pyramids

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12
Q

Renal columns

A

Projects into the medulla and subdivide the medulla into renal pyramids

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13
Q

Each renal papilla projects into a funnel-shaped space called _______

A

Minor Calyx

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14
Q

Several minor calyces merge to form a larger space called __________

A

Major calyx (each kidney has two or 3 major calyces)

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15
Q

The functional unit in the kidney is the ___________

A

Nephron

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16
Q

What are the components of nephron?

A
  • Renal corpuscle
  • Proximal convoluted tubule
  • Nephron loop
  • Distal convoluted tubule.
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17
Q

A renal corpuscle is composed of what?

A

A glomerular & glomerular capsule

(Leaky capillaries
• Blood supply
- Afferent arteriole
» In
-Efferent arteriole
» Out)

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18
Q

Bowman’s Capsule

A

• Receives filtrate
• Glomerular filtrate
- From blood

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19
Q

_________ is an enlarged bulbous regions of a nephrons

A

Renal Corpuscle

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20
Q

The glomerular capsule has what two layers?

A
  1. Visceral layer
  2. Parietal layer
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21
Q

The visceral layer of the glomerular capsule is made up of what?

A

Composed of podocytes
- w/ capillary form filtration membrane
• Regulate flow of
matenals

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22
Q

The parietal layer of glomerular capsule is composed of what?

A

Formed from a simple squamous epithelium

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23
Q

What is the rate of Glomerular filtrate?

A

125ml/min
-7500ml/hr
-Total blood volume 5,500 ml

24
Q

What is the urine output of the Glomerular filtrate?

A

Urine output varies but max 100ml/hr
-Differences resorbed in renal tubules

25
Q

What is one renal tubule?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) (it originates from the cortex)

26
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) is lined /made up with ___________ and _____________ and when looked under a microscope looks fuzzy due to the brush border

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium, Microvilli

27
Q

The cells of PCT actively reabsorbs almost all nutrients, ions, vitamins, plasma proteins, and ___________ % of water

A

60-65% of water (through active transport)

28
Q

Nephron Loop has what two limbs?

A
  1. Descending Limb
  2. Ascending Limb
29
Q

What the main function of the Descending limb?

A

Resorbs water

30
Q

What is the main function of the Ascending limb?

A

• Resorbs ions
• Active transport

31
Q

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

A
  • originates in the Cortex
  • Secretion role
    • Potassium, acid
  • Resorption role
    • Sodium, chloride
    • Water
  • Antidiuretic hormone
    and aldosterone regulation
  • Promote absorption
32
Q

What is the location of Juxtaglomerular Apparatus?

A
  • Afferent arteriole
  • Distal convoluted tubule
33
Q

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus modifies __________ muscle

A

Smooth

34
Q

What are the functions of Juxtaglomerular Apparatus?

A
  • Monitors reduction in blood volume/ions
  • Promotes increase in blood volume
35
Q

When the tubular fluid leaves the DCT it must travel through a series of small ___________ that empty into ___________

A

Collecting tubules, collecting ducts

36
Q

The collecting ducts are the last structures that have the capacity to modify the tubular fluid further and can do so under the influence of __________ and _________

A

ADH, Aldosterone

(ADH increases
water absorption
- If dehydrated
- No modification if well hydrated
• Start of Urine)

37
Q

Urine Transport in Kidney

A

Minor Calyces
- One per renal
pyramid
• Major Calyces
• Renal Pelvis
• No
modification

38
Q

Ureters are long and conduct urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder and are _______________

A

Retroperitoneal

39
Q

The mucosa in Ureters is formed from _______________ epithelium

A

Transitional epithelium

40
Q

The Muscularis in ureters is made of what?

A
  • Smooth muscle
  • Peristalsis
41
Q

The urinary bladder is positioned where?

A

Posterior to the pubic symphysis

42
Q

The urinary bladder is made up of what and what is its function?

A

It’s made up muscular sac and urine reservoir

43
Q

What region is the urinary bladder in?

A

Trigone region
- Posteriorinferior
-Ureteric openings
-Urethral opening

44
Q

The mucosa lines the bladder ________ it is formed by _____________ epithelialium

A

Bladder lumen, and transitional epithelium

45
Q

The muscularis consists of three layer of smooth muscle, called __________ muscle

A

detrusor muscle

46
Q

The expulsion of urine from the bladder is called _____________

A

Micturition (urination) (response to stretch receptors)

47
Q

the urethra goes from _______ to outside

A

urinary bladder

48
Q

where is the internal urethral sphincter located and what tissue is it made of?

A

-near bladder
-smooth muscle

49
Q

where is the external sphincter located and what tissue is it made of?

A

-inferior to internal sphincter
-skeletal muscle

50
Q

length of female urethra and amount of functions

A
  • 3-5 cm long
    -single function: conducting urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
51
Q

length of male urethra, functions of male urethra

A

-18-20 cm
-urinary and reproductive: allow passage of urine and semen

52
Q

3 regions of male urethra

A

-prostatic urethra
-membranous urethra
-spongy urethra

53
Q

what organ is in the prostatic urethra?

A

prostate gland

54
Q

what organs are in the membranous urethra?

A

-urogenital diaphragm
-external urethral sphincter

55
Q

which region is the longest of the male urethra?

A

spongy urethra

Anatomy (82 decks)

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